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BULLETIN No 1 



DIVISION OF FORESTRY 



Territory of Hawaii 
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 

DIVISION OF FORESTRY 

RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent 

In Cooperation with tlie 
FOREST SERVICE 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

HENRY S. GRAVES. Forester 



EUCALYPTUS CULTURE IN HAWAO 



By 
LOUIS MARGOLIN 

Forest Examiner, Forest Service 
United States Department of Agriculture 




HONOLULU: 

HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD. 

1911 



OFFICERS AND STAFF 

OF THE 

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF 
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 

COMMISSIONERS. 

Marston Campbell, President and Executive Officer. 
J. M. Dowsett P. R Isenberg 

H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse 

DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 

Ralph S. Hosmcr, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden. 

David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman. 

Joseph F. Rock, Botanical Assistant. 

Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii. 

Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub- Nursery at Homestead, Kauai, 

David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus, 



ASSISTANCE IN FOREST WORK. 



Attention is called to the fact that the Division of Forestry- 
stands ready at all times to give advice and assistance to tree 
planters and forest owners throughout the Territory on all 
phases of forest work. Upon payment of the traveling expenses, 
an agent of the Division of Forestry will be sent anywhere within 
the Territory to examine areas to be planted, following which 
there will be drawn up a detailed planting plan showing what 
species should be used and how the trees should be planted to 
secure the desired results. Owners of planted or native forests 
desiring advice as to the care and management of their proper- 
ties can obtain it on similar terms. At the Government Nursery 
in Honolulu and its sub-stations on the other islands, the Division 
of Forestry keeps constantly on hand for sale, at cost price, seed 
and seedlings of the trees most in demand for local planting. 
Applications for assistance should be addressed to the Superin- 
tendent of Forestry, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii. 



Territory of Hawaii l'^^^) 
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AXD FORESTRY 

DIVISION OF FORESTRY 
RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent 

In Cooperation witli tlie 

FOREST SERVICE 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester 



EUCALYPTUS CULTURE IN HAWAII 



By 
LOUIS MARGOLIN 

Forest Examiner, Forest Service 
United States Department of Agriculture 




HONOLULU: 

HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD. 

1911 



\^' 



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KM 



'V-^ 



<i LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



^ 



Honolulu, Hawaii, 

May 10, 1910. 



The Board of Commissioners of 
Agriculture and Forestry 
Honolulu, Hawaii. 



Gentlemen : — I have the honor to transmit herewith a manu- 
script entitled "Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii," by Mr. Louis 
Margolin, Forest Examiner in the Forest Service, United States 
Department of Agriculture, which I recommend be published as 
Bulletin No. 1 of the Division of Forestry. 

This report is the result of a study of Eucalyptus plantations 
in Hawaii carried on through cooperation between the Forest 
Service and the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry. 
The field expenses incident to the investigation were borne jointly 
by the Forest Service and the Board; the cost of publication 
wholly by the latter. 

The object of the report is to put before land owners in Ha- 
waii comprehensive suggestions and definite recommendations 
in regard to growing and managing Eucalyptus forests. In view 
of the demand for such information and the difficulty in getting 
hold of it, the report has been made to include much general in- 
formation in regard to the uses and value of Eucalypts, as well 
as some observations on the principles underlying forest man- 
agement. 

Sincere acknowledgment is here made to all those, plantation 
and ranch managers and others, who have given aid and en- 
couragement in the investigation, particularly to the manager 
of the Maui Agricultural Company, to whom special thanks 
are due. 

Very respectfully, 

RALPH S. HOSMER, 

Superintendent of Forestry. 
Approved : 

MARSTON CAMPBELL, 

President, Board of Commissioners 

of Agriculture and Forestry. 



CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Introduction 1 

Need of local timber supply 1 

Forest planting in Hawaii in the past 3 

The eucalypts 5 

Physical requirements 5 

Climate 5 

Soil 7 

Habit of growth 7 

Form and size 7 

Eoot system 8 

Eeproduction 9 

Enemies 11 

Uses of Eucalyptus 13 

Fuel 13 

Fence-posts and ties '. 14 

Lumber and timber 15 

Watershed protection 16 

Other uses 17 

Establishing a Eucalyptus plantation 18 

Choice of species 18 

Nursery methods 19 

Methods of planting 21 

Clearing the land 21 

Transporting seedlings 22 

Spacing the trees 23 

Tending the grove 24 

Fertilizing, irrigating and cultivating 24 

Thinning 25 

Cutting the forest 26 

Age 26 

Methods 27 

Growth and yield of Eucalyptus 28 

Table 1, Growth of Blue Gum 29 

Table 2, Volume table, Blue Gum, cubic feet 31 

Table 3, Volume table, Blue Gum, cords 33 

Table 4, Yield of Blue Gum plantations 34 

Financial returns from Eucalyptus 35 

Costs 35 

Eeturns 37 

Forest management for sugar plantations '. 38 

Eoadside planting of Eucalyptus 41 

Keeping records 42 

Sample form for record 43 



APPENDIX. 

PAGE. 

Character and uses of various species of eucalypts 47 

Summary of uses of eucalypts 57 

Size of eucalypts 58 

List of eucalypts planted in Hawaii 60 

List of books on Eucalyptus 61 

Field notes on the eucalypts found planted in Hawaii. , 64 

Volume tables 

Table 5, Blue Gum, Kok'omo, Maui 79 

Table 6, Blue Gum, Tantalus, Oahu 79 

Table 7, Yate {Eneahjpius cornnta) 80 

Table 8, Swamp Mahogany {EucnJyptus robusta) 80 



ILLUSTEATIONS 

PAGE. 

Plate 1. Eucalyptus forest on Tantalus, Honolulu, Hawaii. Frontispiece 

' ' 2. Prospect Hill Grove, Ulupalakua, Maui 1 

" 3. Fig. 1. Blue Gum stand 8 years old. 

Fig. 2. Blue Gum stand 8 years old in need of a thinning 8 
" 4. Fig. 1. Eucalypts not yet 4 years old, Kailiili, Maui. 

Fig. 2. Eight year old Blue Gums with a dense stand of 

lantana and guava 16 

" 5. A sprout forest on Maui, Eucalptus resinifera 16 

" 6. Fig. 1. Sprouts, Blue Gum forest. 

Fig. 2. Natural reproduction of Blue Gum 24 

" 7. Fig. 1. Growth 'of Blue Gum, 5 years old. 

Fig. 2. Blue Gum trees 8 years old 40 

' ' 8. Eucalyptus seedlings 40 

' ' 9. Sample map of Eucalyptus plantation 44 

' ' 10. Eucalyptus forest on Tantalus 48 

" 11. Eucalyptus citriodora in the Tantalus forest 56 

'< 12. Eucalyptus robusta on Tantalus 64 




-. -* 



EUCALYPTUS CULTURE IN HAWAII. 



The study of the eticalypts in the Hawaiian Islands, the 
results of which are now presented, was made in cooperation 
between the Forest Service of the United States Department 
of Agriculture and the Territorial Board of Commissioners 
of Agriculture and Forestry, at the request of the Superin- 
tendent of Forestry. 

The field work extended over a period of four months (De- 
cember 1909-March 1910), during which time practically all the 
important groves of Eucalyptus on the Islands of Hawaii, Maui, 
Oahu and Kauai were visited and examined. Complete measure- 
ments were made on 500 felled trees for the purpose of con- 
structing volume tables. Wherever the groves were old enough 
sample plots were established, which should serve as a basis for 
studying future growth. 

The object of this report is to bring together and correlate the 
information obtained in regard to Eucalyptus on the various 
islands, and to outline a system of forest management for planted 
groves. Since most of the systematic tree planting on these 
islands has been done only during the last decade, and few stands 
are now more than five or six years old, not enough definite data 
are available at present to forecast with any degree of certainty 
the exact financial returns that may be expected, but the informa- 
tion obtained indicates very clearly that a number of species of 
the eucalypts can be grown at a good profit in many places on 
the Hawaiian Islands. 

NEED OF LOCAL TIMBER SUPPLY. 

The Territory of Hawaii, with its extensive sugar plantations, 
camps, flumes, tunnels, and irrigation ditches, uses large quan- 
tities of timber and lumber. No complete statistics on this sub- 
ject are available, but the following figures may be considered 
as quite conservative. There were during the last three or four 
years used annually in Hawaii over forty million board feet 
of sawed lumber and timber, 75,000 cords of firewood, 20,000 to 
25,000 railroad ties, 25,000,000 shingles and 40,000 to 50,000 
fence posts. This annual consumption of wood represents a 
value to the consumer of at least one and one-half million dol- 



lars. With the more intensive development of the plantations, 
the increase in population, the development of irrigation sys- 
tems, homesteads, and small farming, and the further exten- 
sion of roads and power lines, the consumption of lumber will 
constantly increase. The problem of finding an adequate source 
of supply of wood becomes, therefore, of paramount importance 
to the future growth of the country. 

The native Hawaiian forest is entirely inadequate to meet the 
demand for lumber consumed in the Territory. Although the 
Islands have an extremely rich and varied flora, there are few 
native trees of commercial value. Few native trees average 
more than 10 to 12 inches in diameter or more than 50 feet in 
height, and the clear merchantable length of such trees is too 
small to be of any practical use for lumber. A dozen or more 
different species of native trees are used locally for various pur- 
poses, but the ohia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) and the 
koa (Acacia koa) are the only two timber trees in the Territory 
which, because of their size and abundance, have any commercial 
importance. Of these two species, koa is primarily a cabinet 
wood, leaving ohia lehua as the only all-around native timber 
tree; and there is not enough of this tree to affect the situation 
materially. With few exceptions the chief use of the native 
forests is to conserve the water supply and regulate the stream 
flow, and their importance as a source of timber supply, except 
in a few restricted districts, is entirely negligible. 

The timber supply of the continental United States at the 
present rate of consumption can not last for a long time. As 
the supply of timber diminishes, export lumber from the United 
States may be expected to reach practically prohibitive prices 
for many uses. The trees native to the continental United States 
are all of comparatively slow growth. The more valuable pines 
and hardwoods require not less than 75 to 100 years to form 
trees big enough for lumber. It takes at least 30 to 35 years to 
grow tie timber, and even this rate of growth is restricted to 
only a few species. The rapid-growing Eucalyptus can be 
grown in the continental United States on only comparatively 
small areas in central and southern California, Arizona, south- 
ern Texas, and southern Florida. 

The Territory of Hawaii can not, therefore, depend indefi- 
nitely on the rest of the United States for its supply of lumber. 
Neither can it depend to any large extent on foreign countries. 
On the contrary, located as the islands are, and with a climate 
favorable to rapid growth, Hawaii, in course of time, should be 



able to export to the United States an ever-increasing supply of 
hardwood. 

Fuel wood of a low grade can be grown in Hawaii in five or 
six years, but trees of this age have very little value. Trees 
suitable for fence posts, railroad ties, and lumber, as well as for 
the better grades of firewood, require a much longer period to 
mature. Even the more rapid-growing species of eucalyptus 
and ironwoods, although growing faster than most hardwoods, 
require a number of years to reach a size which renders them 
fit for use as timber trees. The mistake in the past has been 
that trees were cut which were too young. Systematic tree 
planting in Hawaii can not, therefore, begin too soon, for the 
earlier the forests are established the less hardship will be ex- 
perienced when the supply of timber becomes less abundant. 

In short, an increasing supply of inexpensive lumber is essen- 
tial to the proper growth and development of the Hawaiian 
Islands. The native forests are entirely inadequate both in ex- 
tent and character to furnish this supply. The continental United 
States is approaching a time when it will be no longer in a posi- 
tion to export cheap lumber to Hawaii. The Islands can grow 
their own lumber supply before the timber scarcity comes, pro- 
vided immediate planting is done on a commercial scale. 

FOREST PLANTING IN HAWAII IN THE PAST. 

In the past, more or less sporadic tree planting was done in 
the Hawaiian Islands, which at first was confined mainly to the 
introduction of exotic fruit trees, such as mango, alligator pear, 
and similar plants, but later included many valuable ornamental 
and timber trees. The introduction of exotic plants received 
especial impetus in 1881, as a result of a tour of the world by 
King Kalakaua, who sent back to the islands seed and cuttings 
of many important plants, some of which may now be found 
growing on almost every island in the group. 

The early planting was largely without any system and was 
purely for ornamental purposes. Little attempt has been made 
to utilize the information obtained by this experimental planting, 
and outside of the eucalypts, ironwood (Castiarina), acacias, silk 
oak {Grevillea), and three or four other species, the introduced 
trees occur singly, and are rarely seen in groves or forests. It 
is not at all uncommon to find an old home surrounded by a 
grove containing from twenty to sixty different kinds of trees. 
Such planting, of course, is of little commercial value. 

What is probably the oldest systematic forest planting is found 



at Ulupalakua on the Island of Maui, where, on Prospect Hill, 
at an elevation of 2,800 feet, may be seen a grove of eucalypts 
40 to 50 years old. Although the trees were planted for orna- 
mental purposes, and are not properly spaced, they have shown 
remarkably good growth and clearly indicate the adaptability of 
the eucalypts to certain localities in Hawaii. Trees three or four 
feet in diameter and 75 to 100 feet in height are not uncommon. 

Next in point of age is a grove of ironwood (Casiiarina eqiii- 
setifolia), about four acres in extent, planted in 1874 near Lihue, 
Island of Kauai, on the land of Grove Farm. Here may also be 
found various younger groves of ironwood, as well as groves of 
eucalypts and silk oak {Grevillea robusta). 

The Lihue Plantation on the Island of Kauai was the first to 
begin the systematic planting of forests for purely commercial 
purposes. The native forest had been destroyed and a scarcity 
of wood was imminent. Accordingly, a German forester was 
employed in 1882 to plant trees for the purpose of supplying the 
plantation with fuel. The forester remained for fifteen years, 
during which time a large tract of land was replanted, mostly 
with ironwoods. Forest planting is regarded at Lihue as a reg- 
ular part of the plantation program, new groves being started 
every year. 

About the same time, 1880, the Government began the syste- 
matic reforestation of the slopes of Tantalus, back of Honolulu. 
More than thirty different species of eucalypts were here planted, 
besides a number of other kinds of trees. One of the most prom- 
ising commercial groves of trees may be found on the land of the 
Paauhau Plantation, in the Hamakua district, on the Island of 
Hawaii. On an area of about 40 acres two species of eucalypts 
were planted, E. globulus, the blue gum, and E. citriodora, the 
lemon-scented gum. A more complete description of this grove 
is given later on. 

The most extensive planting of Eucalyptus on a commercial 
scale was begun in 1896 on the Island of Maui by the Maui Ag- 
ricultural Company. This planting has continued almost with- 
out a break to the present time. A number of species have been 
thoroughly tried, and the results obtained are most encouraging. 

The planting in the past has shown that of the many kinds of 
trees so far tried, the various species of Eucalyptus are the most 
promising, and are best suited to the purposes for which plant- 
ing is done on the islands. Other trees, like ironwoods, are par- 
ticularly good for certain uses, as for windbreaks, and for cer- 
tain localities, such as sandy sea beaches, but the eucalypts are 



'5 

the best all-around trees in most situations. This report will 
concern itself exclusively with the eucalypts. 

THE EUCALYPTS. 

The genus Eucalyptus belongs to the Myrtle family, the 
Myrtaceae, to which family also belong the native ohia lehua 
{Metrosideros polymorpha) and the introduced Java plum (Eu- 
genia jamholana). The genus Eucalyptus includes about 200 
different species, but the specific differences are frequently 
slight, and are in many cases based on the structure of the 
stamen of the flower, and especially of the anther. In many 
cases, too, the different species grade into each other so imper- 
ceptibly that it is necessary to have not only the flowers and fruit 
but also the leaves, bark, and wood of a tree to determine the 
species to which it belongs. No attempt will be made in the 
present report to give a botanical description of any of the trees. 

The various species of eucalypts differ from each other not 
only in size and form but also in their physical and climatic re- 
quirements of moisture, temperature, soil, etc. Many eucalypts 
are straight, cylindrical, and clear of branches for a great height, 
while others are crooked, forked and branchy. The wood of 
some trees is soft and brittle, while that of others is hard and 
tough and very durable. Some eucalypts can thrive on poor 
soils and can stand much drought, while others require rich, 
moist soils and plenty of rainfall. By a judicious selection it is 
thus possible to choose species of eucalypts suitable to almost 
any situation in Hawaii and fit for almost any use to which wood 
is put. 

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS. 

There are two main natural factors which determine the pos- 
sibility of introducing eucalypts in any new region — namely, (a) 
climate, including temperature, precipitation and wind, and (b) 
soil. 

Climate. 

The native home of the valuable eucalypts is in the warmer 
portion of Australia and a few of the adjoining islands. The 
question of hardiness to frost is of paramount importance to the 
growing of Eucalyptus on the continental United States, because 
the range of the tree is there determined by its ability to endure 
cold. In Hawaii, however, the question of frost hardiness is not 



of great consequence because outside of the summits of the three 
highest mountains on the Islands the temperature everywhere 
in the Territory is sufficiently warm for the growth of Euca- 
lyptus. 

Several species of eucalypts have been planted within the last 
three years on the west slope of Haleakala, on the Island of 
Maui, at an elevation of between 6,000 and 6,500 feet, and a 
number of them are doing very well, notably the peppermint 
gum {E. aniygdalina), the blue gum (E. globulus), the motm- 
tain ash (£. siberiana), and the broad-leaved ironbark (£. 
siderophloia). Here the temperature is almost never lower than 
35° F. How much higher than 6,500 feet these trees would 
grow it is difficult to state, but there is no reason to believe that 
the temperature would be too low for a proper growth of the 
eucalypts at elevations as high as 7,000 or 8,500 feet, since the 
thermometer rarely drops below 32° F. 

The temperature and moisture conditions most favorable to 
the growth of Eucalyptus in Hawaii are an abundant rainfall, 
say between 50 and 100 inches per year, and a rainy season 
alternating with plenty of strong, warm sunshine. Prolonged 
rain suddenly followed by intense sunshine and heat is injur- 
ious, especially to seedlings. 

The eucalypts are intolerant of shade and require plenty of 
light for their proper development. When given too much 
light, however, the eucalypts will branch out immoderately and 
will then not be of much value as timber trees. The trees in 
their seedling stage can endure more shade than the older trees, 
and the very young seedlings require a certain amount of shade 
for their growth. When all planted at the same time, the euca- 
lypts can grow in dense stands, and the trees will then form 
straight, cylindrical trunks. They will not grow, however, 
planted in the -shade of other trees. 

Most of the eucalypts have well-developed root-systems, and 
as a rule are not easily thrown by ordinary winds, but the foliao-e 
of many of the gums is affected by strong winds, and few species 
can therefore thrive in windy situations. The trees seem to 
sufiFer more by constant than by unusually strong winds, and 
the ordinary trade wind in an exposed situation will be more 
harmful than an occasional kona storm. The foliage of blue 
gum^ {E. globulus) and red gum (E. rostrata) is particularly 
sensitive to strong winds. Sugar gum (E. corynocalyx) and 
peppermint gum {E. mnygdaUna) can stand much wind, though 
the trees will often lean to leeward and are then unfit for 
straight timber. The swamp mahogany {E. robusfa) is gen- 



erally considered sensitive to strong winds in California, but 
in Hawaii it is found to grow straight and of good form even 
in the most exposed situations. 

The eucalypts, as a rule, prefer a very moist soil and respond 
readily to irrigation on dry situations. Swampy land, however, 
is not favorable to good growth, especially if the roots of the 
trees are constantly flooded. The red gum {E. ro strata) is 
probably the least exacting in this respect, and will thrive in wet 
swamps. Swamp mahogany {E. robusta), blue gum (E. glob- 
ulus), and the bastard mahogany (E. botryoides) will also en- 
dure excessive moisture. The sugar gum {E. corynocalyx) , on 
the other hand, is the most intolerant in this respect. 

Soil. 

Unlike agricultural crops, trees are not fastidious as to the 
quality of the soil on which they grow. There is hardly a soil 
so poor as not to be able to support some tree growth. The 
chemical composition of the soil is of little importance, provided 
its physical composition is favorable. The physical composition 
of the soil is important because it determines to a large extent 
the amount of available soil moisture. A deep, loose, moder- 
ately fine-grained, sandy loam is the best for most species of eu- 
calypts, as it is for almost all other forest trees. 

The following trees require good soil for their proper growth : 

Blackbutt (E. pilularis), red gum {E. rostrata), manna gum 
(E. viminalis) . 

The trees which are least fastidious as to their soil require- 
ments are peppermint gum {E. amygdalina), yate (£. cornuta), 
red mahogany {E. resinifera), swamp mahogany {E. robusta), 
and red ironbark {E. sideroxylon). 

HABIT OF GROWTPI. 

Form and Size. 

There are two general classes of eucalypts recognized in Aus- 
traHa, the tall timber trees, collectively known as "gums," and the 
scrubby species, known as ''mallees." There is no reason for 
planting the mallees in this country except for forest cover and 
water protection, and even for this purpose some of the faster- 
growing gum trees would be preferable, both because of their 
more rapid rate of growth and because of their greater value. 

As a rule the timber eucalypts, when grown under forest con- 



8 

ditions, are tall, straight, cylindrical, and of symmetrical form 
and development, though species vary greatly in this respect. 
Trees grown in the wind are apt to be very much twisted in 
grain and gnarled in appearance. 

Some of the eucalypts are among the tallest trees in the world, 
A variety of the peppermint gum or messmate (£. amygdalina 
var. rcgiians F. v M., or E. regnans F. v M.) has been consid- 
ered to be the tallest tree in the world, specimens 400 to 500 
feet and more in height having been reported. More recent in- 
vestigations have proved that many of the reports as to the 
height of these trees are exaggerated. A tree reported by one 
observer to be 525 feet, and by another as 464 feet in height,, 
was found to be barely 220 feet by actual measurement. A stand- 
ing reward of £100 offered by the Premier of Victoria to any 
one discovering a Victoria tree 400 feet or more in height has- 
as yet been left unclaimed. The highest tree authentically mea- 
sured is 326 feet 1 inch. This height is exceeded by the Califor- 
nia coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), which attains a 
height of about 400 feet. The tallest redwood authentically 
measured (by Sargent) was 340 feet high. The greatest diam- 
eter of any eucalypts authentically measured (E. regnans F. v 
M.) was 17 feet 8 inches, measured six feet from the ground. 
Mr. John Muir measured a California bigtree (Sequoia zvash- 
ingtoniana) which had a diameter of 35 feet 8 inches, measured 
four feet from the ground. Thi-s is equivalent to a diameter of 
at least 33 feet if measured six feet from the ground. Califor- 
nia thus has the distinction of being the home of both the tallest 
and the largest trees in the world.* 

Root System. 

All the eucalypts have deep root systems to supply their de- 
mand for plenty of soil moisture. The young trees have well- 
developed taproots, which disappear, however, in most cases, as 
the trees grow older. When grown on a shallow soil underlain 
by an impenetrable layer of rock, the trees are liable to be stunt- 
ed and scrubb}^ 

The roots of the eucalypts will spread to a great distance in 
search of water, and roots 100 feet or more in length are fre- 
quently found. It is this habit of root-spreading which has 
given the tree a bad reputation with many, because it is claimed 

* See The Forest Flora of New South Wales, Vol. II, Part 8 Pages 
159 to 165. By J. H. Maiden. ' > s 




Plate 3. Fig. 1. Blue Gum Stand 8 Years Old. 

Showing bad effect of wide planting. 




Fig. 2. Blue Gum Stand 8 Years Old in Need of a Thinning. 

Kaluanui, Maui. 



that a Eucalyptus plantation or a windbreak of these trees will 
sap the moisture from the ground and prevent the growth of 
agricultural crops or grass in the immediate vicinity. There is 
no denying that the ground cover in the immediate proximity of 
a Eucalyptus grove or windbreak is not as luxuriant as it is 
some distance away from the trees, but observation will show 
that the damage done is greatly exaggerated. Furthermore, the 
benefit derived from the tree plantation, either as a windbreak 
or in other ways, more than compensates for the injury. 

To reduce the damage from superficially spreading roots, a 
scheme has been recommended for California which may be of 
equal value in this Territory. As soon as it is noticed that the 
roots are spreading too widely, a trench is run 3 or 4 feet deep, 
parallel to the row of trees, and about 10 feet away from it. 
This cuts the surface roots. The trench is then immediately 
refilled to prevent the roots from making their way under the 
trench. Every two or three years thereafter the trench is re- 
opened, the surface roots cut and the trench refilled. In this 
way it is possible, at a small expense, to keep the surface roots 
of the trees as limited in extent as desired. 

Another charge that is sometimes brought against Eucalyptus 
plantations is that the trees pump so much water from the 
ground as to interfere with springs and small streams by lower- 
ing the general water table of the soil. This may be true in 
certain cases, especially in situations where the air is dry. On 
the other hand, the condensation of air moisture in the humid 
atmosphere by the tall eucalypts is more than enough to com- 
pensate for the water used by the tree in its growth. In the fog 
belt of California where eucalypts are planted the trees are al- 
most constantly dripping with moisture. At upper Paauhau, on 
the Island of Hawaii, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet, a grove 
of blue gum condenses so much moisture from the air that 
troughs have been placed under the trees to catch the water for 
domestic purposes. 

Reproduction. 

The eucalypts reproduce prolifically both from seed and from 
sprouts. The trees begin to bear flowers and seed at a very 
early age, but the first few crops of seed are not fertile. At 
Umikoa, on the Kukaiau Ranch, on the Island of Hawaii, at an 
elevation of 3,700 feet, a line of blue gum trees eight years old 
has naturally seeded up a dry, rocky piece of land. At Olinda, 
on the Island of Maui, at an elevation of 4,000 feet, a planted 



10 

line of blue gum 35 years old is surrounded by several acres of 
younger trees which started from the seed dropped by the plant- 
ed trees. The young trees are of excellent form and are grow- 
ing rapidly, the largest being 16 inches or more in diameter and 
70 to 80 feet in height. In another place near Ohnda blue gum 
trees 12 years of age have produced fertile seed. 

The swamp mahogany (£. robiista) is probably not much in- 
ferior to the blue gum so far as age of seed bearing is concerned. 
In Makawao, on the Island of Maui, at an elevation of 3,000 
feet, swamp mahogany 20 to 25 years old produced fertile seed 
which has covered a small rocky ledge with young seedlings. 

No naturally sown seedlings of other species of Eucalyptus 
were observed in Hawaii; but this is probably due to the fact 
that few other species have been planted long enough under 
such conditions as favor the germination of the seed when 
dropped from the tree. The seed will not, as a rule, germinate 
in turf or litter, but requires pure mineral soil. Most of the 
older eucalypts on the Islands, having been planted for orna- 
mental purposes, are surrounded by lawns. 

The ability of Eucalyptus to reproduce itself naturally by 
seed is unimportant commercially, when compared with its ca- 
pacity to grow from sprouts (or ratoons). All the trees of this 
genus reproduce themselves very rapidly from the stump when 
cut. If injured by cattle, wind, or fire, young shoots are ever 
ready to take the place of the injured parts. A tree blown down 
by the wind and partly uprooted will send out numerous shoots 
from the prostrate trunk, which may eventually form trees of 
desirable form and quality. A grove of blue gum at Kailiili, on 
Maui, was planted on a very windy hillside. The trees were 
spaced 10 by 15 feet, and many were blown down by subsequent 
storms. From the trunks thus bent to the ground numerous 
sprouts appeared, forming a comparatively dense growth, which 
developed into a remarkably good stand of trees. When the 
trees were about ten years old, the grove was thinned, with the 
result that the stand is now in excellent producing condition. 
In this case the wind had a decidedly beneficial effect. However, 
it is extremely unsafe to depend on the wind as a silvicultural 
tool, and the instance is mentioned here only to illustrate the 
wonderful sprouting capacity of blue gum. 

Other eucalypts than the blue gum have this power to an 
equal degree. A grove of mixed eucal3^pts, mostly of blue gum 
and red mahogany (E. resinifcra) at Haiku Hill, on Maui, at an 
elevation of 500 feet, produced trees 30 to 40 feet high and 3 to 
10 inches in diameter in less than three years after the first crop 



11 

was cut. In this case the red mahogany sprouts showed a more 
rapid rate of growth than the bkie gum. 

Trees of blue gum {E. globulus), swamp mahogany, (£. ro- 
busta) and yate (£. cornuta), cut on Tantalus, near Honolulu, 
early in December, showed numerous vigorous sprouts in the 
following April. Red gum {E. rostrata), manna gum {E. vimi- 
nalis) and other species of eucalypts in California are found to 
sprout readily after cutting, and there is every reason to believe 
that most of the other species will sprout equally well. 

It is this ability of the Eucalyptus to sprout which makes it 
such a desirable tree for firewood, for as soon as one crop is cut 
off a new growth of trees takes its place. A ratoon crop nor- 
mally grows much faster than the original stand for a time, be- 
cause no time is lost in establishing a root system, the sprouts 
deriving their nourishment from the roots already in existence. 
The number of successive crops that may be obtained from one 
set of trees has never been determined. Groves where five or 
six successive crops of trees have been cut may be found in Cali- 
fornia; and in Hawaii, in a grove about half a mile from the 
Makawao postoffice, on Maui, four or five successive crops of 
blue gum have been cut without apparently injuring the repro- 
ductive capacity of the trees. 

It is not to be presumed, however, that this process can be re- 
peated indefinitely. Judging by all that we know of other trees, 
sooner or later the vitality of the present root system will de- 
cline until eventually sprouts will no longer be produced. Gen- 
erally speaking, trees from sprouts do not reach dimensions 
equal to those of seedlings. The time of the year when the trees 
are cut seems to have a great influence on their sprouting ca- 
pacity, and it is asserted that trees cut in the summer or late 
spring will not ratoon readily. All who have had experience in 
cutting the eucalypts in Hawaii are unanimous in opinion that 
the rainy season from early November to about the middle of 
March is the most favorable time for cutting the trees to obtain 
a good sprout forest, though trees will ratoon if cut in other 
seasons. 

ENEMIES. 

The eucalypts in Hawaii, so far as observed, are remarkably 
free from insect and fungous enemies. In particularly dry loca- 
tions and in unusual drought a Eucalyptus plantation may be in 
danger from fire, since the dry leaves and twigs and the fallen 
shreds of bark are quite inflammable. The danger from fire is 
further increased by the rank growth of weeds found in the more 



12 

widely spaced plantations. The damage done v/ould depend, o£ 
course, on the intensity of the fire and the age of the trees. A 
light ground fire in an old grove of trees will cause little injury 
aside from scorching the bases of the trunks, while even a mod- 
erately light fire will completely destroy a young plantation. ^ In 
most cases even a very severe fire will destroy only the portions 
of the trees above ground, and the roots will then send out a 
second' crop of sprouts. However, a plantation is always set 
back by a fire, no matter how light, and every precaution should 
be taken to guard against fire, especially during unfavorable 
seasons. In extreme cases it may even be necessary to prohibit 
trespass through the plantation so as to avoid the danger from 
unextinguished matches and cigarette and cigar butts. 

The main precautionary methods to be adopted against fire 
are close planting to prevent the growth of weeds and brush, 
care in burning grass on adjoining land, and a fire guard or 
patrol for a short time during unusually dry and dangerous sea- 
sons. With a moderate amount of care and vigilance the fire 
danger should not be a great deterrent to the successful cultiva- 
tion of Eucalyptus in Hawaii. 

Cattle, horses and pigs must be kept out of a young tree plan- 
tation. The animals bite off the young shoots, injure the bark, 
and trample down the trees without great benefit to themselves, 
for the Eucalyptus, at best, is but poor fodder, and there is noth- 
ing gained in letting the animals roam at will in young growth. 
After the trees have reached some size the harm done is greatly 
reduced, but even when they are 4 or 5 inches in diameter and 
25 or 30 feet high cattle may cause considerable damage by 
tramping and packing the soil and exposing the roots, especially 
during the rainy weather, when the soil is wet and easily packed. 

On some stock ranches in Hawaii eucalypts are planted for 
the express purpose of furnishing shade to cattle during the hot 
season, and shelter against rain and cold. Under such circum- 
stances the value of the trees for timber and fuel is a secondary 
consideration, and it is only necessary to protect the trees long 
enough to insure their successful establishment. A cattle-proof 
fence for the first five or six years will usually accomplish this 
object. At the end of that time the fence may be taken down 
and moved to a place where a new plantation is to be established. 

Where the primary object of a plantation is to raise timber 
trees, cattle should be kept out until the trees have reached a 
diameter of a least 4 inches. 



13 



USES OF EUCALYPTUS. 



• The main objects in planting trees in Hawaii may be enumer- 
ated as follows : For the production of fuel, fence posts, lum- 
ber and timber ; for the protection of watersheds ; for wind- 
breaks and shade ; for esthetic purposes. It will be found that 
the various species of eucalyptus are admirably adapted to the 
.above uses. Not all of the eucalypts are equally well suited to 
the various purposes for which trees are planted, but among- the 
long list of species some are best adapted for one use, some for 
another. A tree which may yield an excellent fuel wood may 
not rank high as a fence post tree, because its wood may not be 
durable ; and so with the other uses. The selection of the proper 
species for the desired purpose will require a knowledge of the 
■qualities of the different eucalypts. A brief description of the 
uses of the leading species is given in the appendix. 

Fuel. 

The most immediate need for planting trees in Hawaii is to 
furnish the extensive plantations with an adequate supply of fuel. 
The sugar mills are invariably run with the bagasse or cane pulp 
left after the juice has been pressed out. In a few cases there 
is a slight excess of cane refuse which is bundled up and used 
as domestic fuel, but with this unimportant exception all the fuel 
used for domestic purposes is either wood or coal. 

The plantations usually agree to furnish their laborers with 
the necessary shelter and firewood. The fuel thus consumed 
averages, roughly, about half a cord of wood per person per 
year, counting not only the laborers, but also their families. 
With the average population on a plantation figured at 2,000 
persons, the annual consumption is about 1,000 cords of wood. 
The present price of cordwood delivered at the plantation va- 
ries from about $5.50 per cord for kiawe or algaroba and young 
blue gum to $12.00 or more per cord for slabs of ohia lehua, the 
fuel value of the latter being ranked very high. The fuel ex- 
pense to the average plantation amounts, therefore, to at least 
$5,500, and may run as high as $10,000 per year. On some plan- 
tations it is impossible to obtain wood at a reasonable price, and 
the laborers are supplied with coal or oil for fuel. The problem 
of obtaining an adequate fuel supply is therefore of great im- 
portance to the plantations, and deserves careful consideration, 
for it must be remembered that the price of wood is constantly 
rising:. 



14 

There are a number of trees grown on the Islands which yield 
good fuel wood, notably the ironwoods {Casuarina) , the black 
wattle {Acacia decurrens), and silk oak {Grevillea robusta)'. 
Many of the eucalypts, however, are superior to the above-men- 
tioned trees not only in their actual fuel value but also because 
they can grow in places and at elevations where the other trees 
can not thrive, and especially because of the ease with which the 
eucalypts reproduce themselves by sprouts, or ratoons. With 
a reasonable amount of care in cutting down the trees, one plant- 
ing of Eucalyptus should suffice for an indefinite number of 
crops of fuel wood, while with many other trees it may be neces- 
sary to replant the area each time the trees are cut. Further- 
more, in a properly-grown Eucalyptus forest, the fuel wood may 
be obtained as a by-product by thinning out the main stand, or 
from the tops and branches of trees cut for more useful pur- 
poses, such as poles, lumber, etc., while in many of the other 
trees planted, fuel wood is the main crop. If for no other rea- 
son than its rapid rate of growth. Eucalyptus should receive 
favorable attention as a fuel wood. 

Of the more common eucalypts the following four species are 
considered of high fuel value: Red box (E. polyanthcmos), 
leather jacket {E. puncfafa), red gum (E. rostrata), and red 
ironbark (E. sideroxylon) . The common species of Eucalyptus 
planted in Hawaii, namely, blue gum (E. globulus), swamp 
mahogany (E. robusta), red mahogany {E. resinifcra), and 
lemon-scented gum {E. cifriodora), though all furnishing good 
fuel wood, are inferior in this respect to the eucalypts mentioned 
above. In all cases the heartwood is of higher fuel value 
than the sapwood, and for this reason young trees, which have 
a high per cent, of sap, yield but indifferent firewood. 

Fence Posts and Ties. 

Next to the need for fuel the greatest need for wood on the 
Islands is for fence posts and ties. A considerable proportion 
of the fence posts and almost all the railroad ties used in the 
Territory are at present imported from the coast, at a cost aver- 
aging about 30 cents per post and 60 to 75 cents per tie. There 
is no reason why the demand for this material should not be 
supplied locally. Many of the eucalypts, because of the great 
durability of their wood when in contact with the soil, are well 
suited for ties and posts. The following species deserve especial 
attention in this respect: White mahogany (E. acmenoides), 
bloodwood {E. corymbosa), Victoria gum (£. leiicoxylon). 



15 

jarrah (£. marginata), leather jacket (E. punctata), red ma- 
hogany (E. resinifera), and gray gum (£. tereticornis). Of 
the other commonly planted species, red gum (£. rostrata), 
swamp mahogany {E. robusta) , and blue gum (£. globulus), 
in the order mentioned, will last in the ground well, provided 
the heartwood is used, and provided the wood is allowed to sea- 
son for some time before it is used. 

In a number of instances Eucalyptus, especially blue gum as 
well as ironwood, has been used for fence posts and ties with 
poor results, it being found that the wood went to pieces at the 
end of three or four years. In almost every case this was due 
to the fact that young green saplings, consisting mainly of sap- 
wood, had been used. All woods last longer after they are sea- 
soned, and the heartwood is almost invariabl}^ superior to the 
sapwood in this respect. No wood should therefore be con- 
demned until after the seasoned wood of fairly old trees has 
been tried. The kind of soil and its moisture content have also 
a decided influence on the durability of the wood. 

Lumber and Timber. 

The greatest value of the eucalypts lies in the general useful- 
ness of their timber which, with the gradual disappearance of 
the American hardwoods, is becoming of ever greater import- 
ance. Among the eucalypts may be found some of the most 
valuable timber in the world, though the species differ in the 
strength, weight and durability of their woods. The timber 
and lumber can be used for general construction purposes, for 
wharves, bridges, tunnels, mining shafts, culverts, street paving 
blocks, flooring, interior finish, furniture, car construction, 
wheelwright work, wagon construction, tool handles, cooperage, 
and, in brief, for all purposes for which hardwoods are ordi- 
narily employed. 

In addition to fuel wood, posts and ties, the chief demand for 
wood in Hawaii is for general construction purposes, for flume 
and tunnel timbers and for piling and wharf construction. There 
are a number of eucalypts admirably suited for these purposes. 

The three species considered of the highest value in Australia 
for construction purposes and for general all-around timber are 
the jarrah (£. marginata), the karri {E. diversicolor) , and the 
tooart {E. goniphocephala) . In addition to the above the white 
mahogany {E. acmenoides) and the flooded gum {E. saligna) 
are of the highest value for general construction, while the fol- 
lowing eucalypts are excellent for general saw timber: Sugar 



16 

gum (£. corynocalyx), blackbutt (£. pihdaris), and red ma- 
hogany (£. resinifera). The jarrah and the red mahogany are 
especially highly esteemed for furniture. The blue gum (£. 
globulus), and the swamp mahogany (£. rohusta), and the 
lemon-scented gum (£. citriodora) are good all-around timber 
trees, but they are inferior to the trees mentioned above. The 
blackbutt and the blue gum are especially liable to warp and 
twist unless carefully seasoned, and are objectionable for this 
reason. The blue gum {E. globulus), the jarrah (£. margin- 
ata), and the red mahogany (£. resinifera) are especially well 
adapted for wharves and piling because they resist to a large 
extent the attack of the teredo, which destroys many other kinds 
of timber. 

A more complete table of the uses of wood of the various eu- 
calypts may be found in the Appendix. 

Watershed Protection. 

An abundant and regular flow of water is essential to the 
successful raising of crops in Hawaii, since, in spite of heavy 
rainfall in certain localities in the Islands, a large proportion of 
the cultivated land is under irrigation. Many of the richest 
sugar cane fields are absolutely dependent on an adequate supply 
of water during the dry season. 

There are few places in the world where the relation between 
forests and waterflow is so intimate as it is in certain parts of 
Hawaii. Because of the climatic conditions, the physiographic 
features, and the geologic formation prevailing here the destruc- 
tion of the forest, especially on the steeper slopes and at the 
higher elevations, is almost immediately followed by a marked 
decrease in surface run-off during dry seasons, while in heavy 
rains the water runs down in torrents, washing and gulleying 
the mountain sides. The native forest which once covered the 
mountains with its numerous ferns, moss, vines and brush, was 
an ideal watershed protection, acting as a sponge in catching 
the rain and retaining the water for a long time. No matter 
how diy the air, the floor of the forest was always damp and the 
springs were always full. In many places, however, the forest 
maintained itself with great difficulty; and in consequence of 
the introduction by the white man of cattle, Hilo grass, lantana 
and other animals and obnoxious plants the native forest is 
rapidly disappearing and the denudation of the mountain slopes 
is becoming more and more serious. 

A systematic artificial reforestation of denuded slopes on im- 




Plate 4. Fig. 1. Eucalypts Not Yet 4 Years Old, Kailiili, Maui. 

Swamp Mahogany on the right, Blue Gum on the left. 




Pig. 2. Eight Year Old Blue Gums with a Dense Stand of Lantana and 
Guava, Kaluanvii, Maui. 




Plate 5. A Sprout Forest on Maui, Eucalyptus resinifera. 



17 

portant watersheds is already receiving attention, and the in- 
terest in this work will become more marked as time goes on. 
Planting trees to protect watersheds will be considered by many 
to be more important than planting them for lumber and fuel 
production, though under proper management one forest may 
be made to serve both purposes. Many eucalypts are well suited 
for the purpose of water protection if planted closely together 
or if under-planted with some undergrowth to afford protection 
to the soil. A properly-managed Eucalyptus protection forest 
should pay for itself in course of time. 

Other Uses. 

Because of their rapid growth, flexible trunks, and ability to 
grow in exposed situations, a number of the eucalypts make ex- 
cellent windbreaks, deflecting the wind upward and thus exert- 
ing their influence for a comparatively long distance. The plant- 
ing of Eucalyptus groves to protect cattle has already been men- 
tioned. In California the eucalypts are extensively planted to 
protect orange groves and other fruit orchards from blasting 
winds. In Hawaii, especially at the lower elevations, the iron- 
wood (Casuarina equisetifolia) is a better windbreak tree than 
most of the eucalypts, because of its ability to grow on sandy 
soils, to stand the salt ocean spray, and to form straight trunks 
un'der conditions extremely adverse to the growth of other 
trees. At higher elevations, where the ironwoods do not thrive. 
Eucalyptus was found to be advisable. The following species 
are considered particularly wind resistant: messmate {E. amyg- 
dalina), sugar gum (E. corynocalyx) , and swamp gum (E. 
rudis). In California swamp mahogany (E. robusta) is con- 
sidered to be a poor tree for windy situations because of its 
liability to breakage. In Hawaii, however, it is found to grow 
well in the most windy localities and apparently thrives in places 
where no other trees can exist. The blue gum (E. globulus) 
will grow in windy situations, but when growing under such 
conditions the trees are crooked and twisted, and (although 
valuable to some extent for a windbreak) the trees are therefore 
not good for timber. 

From the fact that the eucalypts are evergreen, they are ex- 
cellent shade trees for ornamental planting, and if properly 
grouped present a very pleasing appearance. The lemon-scent- 
ed gum (E. citriodora), with its tall trunk and slender, often 
pendulous branches, deserves special mention for ornamental 
purposes. Blue gum is an effective tree if grown in a clump or 



18 

grove. Messmate {E. aniygdalina) is particularly valuable as 
a shade and ornamental tree, not only because of its attractive 
form but also because it exhales a delicious fragrance. The 
scarlet-flowered gum (E. Hcifolia) is a favorite ornamental tree 
on account of its beautiful red flowers. The orange-flowered 
gum (£. calophylla) , red gum {E. rostrata) and sugar gum (£. 
corynocalyx) are also valuable shade trees. The blue gum is 
sometimes called the fever tree and has been used successfully 
to improve the health conditions in the swampy places around 
Rome. Messmate is frequently planted on hospital and sani- 
tarium grounds. 

From the leaves and young twigs of the eucalypts are distilled 
many different kinds of oil, which are used as non-poisonous 
antiseptics, for perfumery, and for scenting soap. An extract 
made by steeping the leaves of Eucalyptus, particularly blue 
gam, in water is used for bathing in the treatment of certain 
skin diseases. The medicinal properties are probably more ame- 
liorative than curative in their effect. Some of the oils are the 
best known solvents for amber and other gums, and are there- 
fore of particular value for the manufacture of high-grade var- 
nishes. The distillation of eucalyptol and other oils is a growing 
industry in Australia and California, though the market for these 
products is rather limited. 

ESTABLISHING A EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION, 

CHOICE OF SPECIES. 

The first point to be considered in establishing a plantation is 
to decide what species to grow. With the long list of eucalypts 
available there is a wide choice, and the selection is not an easy 
matter. The species selected must depend on two considera- 
tions : first, the purpose for which the trees are grown, and, sec- 
ond, the physical conditions under which the trees are expected 
to grow — that is, the soil, elevation, climate, etc. With soil and 
climate conditions as variable as they are in Hawaii, even in the 
same locality, no general rules as to species can be given. This 
is particularly true in view of the fact that few of the eucalypts 
have been grown here for any length of time, and most of the 
planting must therefore still be in the nature of an experiment. 
The species best suited for different uses have already been 
mentioned, and the various trees best adapted to the different 
physical factors have also been discussed. With these as a guide 
it should be possible to decide in a general way what trees to 
plant in a given place and for a given purpose. 



19 

Three species of Eucalyptus have so far been grown in Ha- 
waii with signal success. Blue gum {E. globulus), in general, 
has been found to do excellently at elevations higher than 1,000 
feet above sea level, reaching its best development and most 
rapid growth at elevations between 3,000 and 4,500 feet, espe- 
cially on the windward side. Red mahogany {E. resinifera) 
has been found to grow well at elevations between 500 and 1,500 
feet. Swamp mahogany {E. robusta) grows well in almost any 
place and thrives on poor soils and in windy situations, and un- 
der conditions which few other eucalypts can endure. It pre- 
fers, however, low, swampy land and elevations below 2,000 
feet. Lemon-scented gum (£. citriodora) also calls for mention 
here. At Paauhau, in the Hamakua district on Hawaii, at an 
elevation of 1,600 feet, lemon-scented gum 20 years old is doing 
well, and it also thrives at lower elevations. 

Red mahogany (E. resinifera) is of the greatest commercial 
value, and is one of the best all-around eucalypts that can be 
grown. The other three species, though not of the highest value, 
are very desirable trees, and the blue gum is particularly rapid 
in rate of growth. No serious mistake can be made in planting 
these trees. Experimental planting to ascertain the suitability 
of other eucalypts to various conditions and localities is greatly 
to be desired, but it would be wise to confine planting on a com- 
mercial scale to the above species until results of the experi- 
mental planting undertaken in the last five years become ap- 
parent. 

To be of the greatest value, most of the experimental plant- 
ing should be in pure groves — that is, groves consisting of only 
one species, of at least one acre each. Planting on a commer- 
cial scale also should be pure rather than mixed, unless expert 
knowledge is available to utilize the different site qualities for 
different species of trees and to regulate the future reproduc- 
tion of the forest. Mixed forests, on the whole, are desirable, 
but they require more skilled management than forests of only 
one species. 

NURSERY METHODS. 

Two methods of growing trees are in general practice : first, 
growing the young trees in beds in the nursery and transplant- 
ing them directly to the ground where they are to grow ; second, 
growing the seedlings in flats or boxes and eventually transplant- 
ing the trees in pots or bags of one kind or another. In the first 
case the soil is carefully prepared in beds in the nursery, the 
beds being usually three to four feet wide and as long as desir- 



20 

able. The seed is planted directly on these beds. In Hawaii 
this method has been found to give satisfactory results only in 
localities favorable to tree growth, at elevations of 2,000 feet or 
more, and where there is an abundant rainfall. It has proved 
particularly successful in the nursery of the Maui Agricultural 
Company, Kailiili, at an elevation of about 2,500 feet. In less 
favorable situations the seedlings as a rule are grown in boxes 
or flats of convenient size, usually 12 x 18 inches and 3 to 4 
inches deep. In either case the soil in the seed bed should be 
light and friable, so that the seedlings may be readily trans- 
planted. A garden loam mixed with an equal quantity of sand 
and put through a sieve with a mesh as fine as coarse mosquito 
netting is the best. The soil is first made smooth ; then the seed 
is scattered evenly over the surface and pressed down lightly 
with a piece of board to imbed it in the soil, after which it is 
covered with a thin layer of pure sand or finely-sifted soil to a 
depth approximately equal to the thickness of the seed. To pre- 
vent the growth of weeds in the seed-bed, it is often desirable 
to sterilize both the soil and the sand. 

The seed will sprout and the young shoots will appear above 
ground in from three to ten days. The soil should be watered 
and kept moist with a very fine sprinkler, held close to the seed-- 
bed. Unless great care, is taken in watering, the seed may be 
washed out and the tender stems of the young trees broken by 
the force of the falling water. If the soil is kept too wet, the 
trees will be killed by a fungus disease known as "damping-ofif." 
This disease is most serious during times when there is little 
evaporation taking place, as on damp, cloudy days and during 
still, warm evenings. Very little watering should therefore be 
done on cloudy days, and even on clear days the sprinkling 
should take place in the morning. 

For the first few weeks of their life the young seedlings are 
injured by excessive heat and light, and it is necessary to pro- 
tect them from the direct rays of the midday sun. Various de- 
vices are in use for shading the beds or boxes of seedlings, lath 
houses and lath screens being the most common. The lath in 
the screens are spaced their own width apart, and the screens 
are so arranged that they can be readily moved. If a lath house 
is used, the various panels composing the lath house are made 
removable. This is necessary because the screens must be moved 
in cloudy and humid weather in order to prevent "damping-ofif" 
in excess shade. In many nurseries in Hawaii the shade afford- 
ed by the large trees growing about the nursery is sufficient to 
protect the young seedlings, and no lath screens are necessary. 



21 

The seed boxes must not, however, be kept directly under the 
big trees, where the seedlings would be injured by the drip from 
the leaves. 

When the seedlings grow to be two or three inches high, they 
are transplanted in the nursery. This is done in order to give 
the young trees more room for growth and to encourage the de- 
velopment of a strong root system. The little trees are taken 
out from the seed boxes or beds and are set out either in other 
beds in the nursery or in other boxes. In transplanting, the 
trees, as a rule, are spaced about two inches apart, the ordinary 
box or flat containing 100 trees. The holes for the transplants 
are usually made with a small cylindrical stick or with the finger, 
and great care must be taken to spread out the roots in the holes 
and to press the soil around them. The roots should not be ex- 
posed to the air any more than is absolutely necessary, and the 
work of transplanting should be done during cloudy weather 
when there is little danger of the roots drying up and dying. 

After the trees have been transplanted they should be watered 
well and shaded from the sun. The trees are left in the nursery 
until they are from eight to fourteen inches in height, when they 
are ready to be set out in the place where they are to grow. 

An extremely efficient but somewhat more expensive method 
of raising young trees is to transplant them in the nursery into 
pots, bags or bottomless tin cans, about 4 or 5 inches deep and 
2 to four inches wide, before they are set out in the ground 
where they are to grow. The pots are usually made of hollow 
sections of bamboo or of ti leaves (Cordylina tenninalis), while 
the bags are made from fertilizer sacks. They are left in the 
nursery for two months or more and are then set in the ground, 
the pot or bag eventually rotting aAvay, and the trees soon be- 
coming well established in their home. 

METHODS OF PLANTING. 

Clearing the Land. 

The heaviest expense in planting forest in Hawaii is entailed 
in clearing the land of the rank growth of Hilo grass, guava and 
lantana, which is often six feet or more in height. The ground 
cover is frequently so heavy that any attempt to grow trees with- 
out first getting rid of it is absolutely futile. Three methods of 
preparing the ground are in general vogue, as follows : 

1. Where the ground cover is very tall and heavy, where 
sufficient money for proper planting is available, where the area 



22 

to be planted is not extensive, or where the ground cover is very 
Hght, consisting mostly of grass, the entire area is cleared with 
a scythe, cane knife, brush-hook or ax. 

2. Where the above conditions do not exist, instead of clear- 
ing the entire area, only alternate strips are cleared wide enough 
to allow the trees planted in these strips room for growth and 
development, while the ground cover on the intermediate strips 
is left untouched. 

3. Where the ground cover is not very heavy, the land is 
cleared only in patches immediately around the holes where the 
trees are to be set out, the space cleared depending on the na- 
ture of the cover and the kind of trees planted. A circle three 
to four feet in diameter is usually sufificient. 

Transplanting Seedlings. 

The method of transporting the seedlings from the nursery 
to the place where they are to be planted depends mainly on the 
way the trees were raised in the nursery and on the nature of 
the road or trail between the nursery and the plantation. 

In one place on the Island of Hawaii the seedlings are raised 
in large flats about 6 or 7 feet square, and when the trees are 
2^ to 3 inches high the soil in the flats is thoroughly moistened 
and the trees and soil are transferred into smaller boxes about 
3 by 4 feet. Two of these boxes are then hung on a pole and 
so carried by Chinese laborers to the plantation. 

When the transplant seedlings are grown directly in the nur- 
sery beds, it is customary to take them up, dip the roots in a 
very thick puddle, wrap the lower parts of the trees in wet 
gunny sacks, and load them on mules, which can transport them 
in this manner for comparatively long distances without injury. 
If the transplants are groAvn in flats or boxes, it is usual to load 
as many flats as possible on bullock, horse or mule wagons and 
so transport them. Pack saddles specially devised for carrying 
seedling boxes are also in use. 

After the land is cleared of the undesirable ground cover, 
three methods are in common use for preparing the holes to re- 
ceive the trees : 

1. The land is plowed one or more times and the holes are 
dug in the plow furrows with a kipikua or mattock. 

2. The land is not plowed, but circular holes are dug 1^ to 
2 feet in diameter and the soil is loosened to a depth of 10 to 18 
inches. 



23 

3. Where the dimate and soil conditions are favorable for 
tree growth and the nature of the cover will permit it, the land 
is not plowed and no holes are dug. The land is simply broken 
with a kipikua or mattock, the tree is set in the slit, and the soil 
is pressed back around the tree. 

Spacing the Trees. 

The question of spacing the trees properly is a very important 
one, and deserves close attention, since the success of the plan- 
tation for the purpose for which it was intended may depend 
on the distance apart at which the trees were set out. Wide 
spacing favors diameter growth and wide branching, while close 
spacing stimulates good height growth, favors the development 
of straight trunks free from branches, decreases the danger from 
windfall, and interferes with the growth of weeds and obnox- 
ious undergrowth. If, however, the trees are planted too close 
together, proper growth is interfered with and the trees tend to 
become tall and spindling. Between these two extremes there 
is what may be termed an optimum spacing, which will result in 
the most desirable height and form of a tree as well as in the 
best diameter growth. Such spacing utiHzes the land to the 
greatest advantage. 

If trees are to be grown in windy situations, it is essential that 
they should be planted close together, the spacing recommended 
being 5 by 5 or at most 5 by 6. In case of exposure to very 
strong winds, or if the planting is done in a narrow strip, still 
closer spacing may be desirable, depending on the number of 
rows of trees planted. Spacing the trees 3 feet apart may not 
be too close if only one row of trees is planted ; if two, three or 
four rows are planted, the trees may be set out 4 feet apart, 
placing the trees in the alternate rows in the middle of the space 
between the trees in the immediately adjacent rows. Wide spac- 
ing in windy situations will result not only in poor growth but 
in a high percentage of windfall. 

The purpose for which the planting is done will also have to 
be taken into consideration in deciding on the proper spacing of 
the trees. A grove planted to shelter cattle will be much wider 
spaced than one established primarily for the purpose of grow- 
ing the best quality of lumber or for watershed protection. In 
general, it has been found that most of the planting done in Ha- 
waii has been too widely spaced. If there is any doubt as to 
proper spacing, it is better to set out the trees too closely than 
too wide apart, especially in the more windy situations, for if it 



24 

is found eventuall}^ that the spacing is too close the stand may 
be thinned and the trees cut used for fuel or for other purposes. 
On the other hand, if it is found that the trees have been planted 
too wide apart, it is difficult, and often impossible, to plant ad- 
ditional trees and make them grow in the shade of the trees al- 
ready established. • It is better to plant a small area properly 
than to spread an insufficient number of trees over a large area. 

While it is risky to lay down hard and fast rules, the follow- 
ing general guide may be used in spacing blue gum. 

Trees on good soil and in favorable situations can stand wider 
spacing than groves on poor soils and grown in unfavorable 
situations. 

For a windbreak or shelter belt, plant the trees 3 to 5 feet 
apart, depending on the width of the belt. 

For the production of clear lumber and good quality of tim- 
ber, plant the trees 6 by 6 feet apart. In especially windy situ- 
ations or in very poor soils the spacing may be 5 by 5 or 5 by 6 
feet. 

For the production of fuel, plant the trees 6 by 8 or 8 by 8 
feet. 

For sheltering cattle from the hot sun or from wind and cold, 
space the trees 9 by 9 or 10 by 10 feet. 

When undergrowth is dense and it is desirable to get rid of 
it, plant the trees 5 by 5 to 5 by 6 feet. 

For watershed protection, plant the trees 6 by 6 or 6 by 8 feet. 
If the trees are to be underplanted by a shrub, they may be spread 
8 by 8 or 8 by 10 feet. 

TENDING THE GROVE. 

Fertilising, Irrigating and Cultivating. 

In their seedling stage almost all the eucalypts respond readily 
to soil fertilization and cultivation. In a particular plantation at 
Waipio, Island of Oahu, at an elevation of 1,000 feet, blue gum 
(E. globulus) eight months old showed a maximum height 
growth of 20 feet, while ten other species of eucalypts growing 
on the same plantation and treated in the same way all showed 
greatly stimulated growth as compared with the same species 
growing on an adjoining plantation, apparently under similar 
conditions, but not fertilized and not cultivated. Stable manure 
is the best for this purpose, though ordinary commercial fertihzer 
similar to the kind used in cane fields and pineapple plantations 
can be used with great advantage. It is very doubtful, however, 







Plate 6. Fig. 1. Sprouts, Blue Gum Forest. 

Kaluanui, Maui. Two years old. 




Fig. 2. Natural Reproduction of Blue Gum. 

Olinda. Maui. 



25 

whether it would pay to fertihze trees grown for commercial 
purposes. 

When grown in particularly dry localities, or if there should 
happen to come an extended drought immediately after the trees 
are planted, it may be necessary to resort to artificial irrigation 
in order to save the plantation. Where water is available and 
irrigation is inexpensive, the additional growth of the young 
trees due to artificial watering will more than make up for the 
expense involved. As a rule, however, irrigation is probably 
impracticable for commercial Eucalyptus plantations. 

Because of the rank weed growth in most places in Hawaii 
it is usually necessary to cultivate one or more times or cut back 
the grass and weeds in recently established tree plantations. 
This may be done with a scythe or a hoe, or an ordinary culti- 
ator may be used where the trees are planted sufficiently far 
apart. At the end of the first year, after the trees are 5 or 6 
feet high, they can take care of themselves and as a rule need no 
other attention, except that they must be protected against fire 
and cattle, as has already been described. 

Thmning. 

If the trees are planted close enough together, they will make 
a rapid height growth, each tree endeavoring to overtop the 
others to a sufficient amount of light. As a result height growth 
is made at the expense of increase in diameter. In this struggle 
of the trees to obtain a sufficient amount of light a point is soon 
reached when certain trees fall too far behind, become over- 
topped, suppressed, and stunted and become a hindrance to the 
better and more vigorous trees. It is then a good -plan to cull 
out the suppressed trees in order to give the better individuals 
a chance to grow in diameter. This process of cutting out the 
poor trees is known as a thinning. 

The first thinning in a blue gum forest grown for timber or 
poles may be made, as a rule, when the plantation is seven to 
nine years old, the vigorous or dominant trees at that, time being 
7 to 12 inches in diameter and 40 to 60 feet high. The rule 
for thinning stands is to thin lightly and to thin often. If too 
many trees are taken out at one time and the stand is opened up 
too much the remaining trees will begin to branch, the danger 
from windfall is increased, the ground may dry out, and weeds 
and grass may come in. As a rule the crown cover of the forest 
should not be broken more than can be filled by the growth of 
the remaining trees within three or four years. Ten to fifteen 



26 

per cent, of the total number of trees may be taken out in the 
first thinning. In addition to the suppressed trees, poor-shaped,, 
forked, and diseased trees should be taken. 

At the time the first thinning is made about 200 or 250 of the 
best developed and most promising trees on each acre are se- 
lected for the final crop. The trees surrounding these selected 
individuals are not all cut, but are thinned out sufficiently to 
give the crown of each selected tree a chance to spread slightly. 
This operation is repeated as often as the space thus provided 
becomes filled by the growth of the crowns. If this is done 
carefully, a final stand of 200 or 250 large, well-formed trees is 
obtained. 

The material obtained from thinnings may be used for fuel,, 
and the trees cut in the later thinnings may even be large enough 
for fence posts or for railroad ties. In most cases the wood 
thus obtained should bring more than enough to pay for the cost 
of cutting the trees, and the benefit to the trees of the main crop 
is thus obtained free of cost or even at a profit. 

CUTTING THE FOREST. 

Age. 

A forest crop differs from an ordinary agricultural crop in 
that there is a wide choice in the time when the forest crop may 
be harvested. Whether a forest is ripe enough to be cut or not 
is in most cases a purely financial consideration, and not a mat- 
ter of simple judgment as in the case of a farm crop. The 
standing trees in the forest may be considered as capital, and 
the yearly growth of the trees as the interest on the capital. 
Considered from a purely financial point of view, whenever this 
growth (or interest) falls below the rate which may be earned 
by the money into which the timber can be converted, the forest 
should be cut. Thus, if the trees grow in value. at the rate of 6 
per cent, per year while money is worth 8 per cent., and the trees 
can be cut and sold, there is a loss entailed in letting the forest 
grow. This consideration, however, does not definitely deter- 
mine when the trees should be cut. It simply indicates the age 
beyond which it is unprofitable to let the forest grow. To find 
the proper rotation — that is, the age at which the trees should 
be cut, it is necessary to know the value of the tree at different 
ages, all the items entering into the cost of producing the crop, 
and the rate of interest demanded on the money invested. This, 
in turn, involves the construction of yield tables showing the 



27 

contents and value of the forest at different periods of its 
growth. 

Unfortunately, there are not enough groves in Hawaii of the 
necessary age to be used for the construction of yield tables, and 
all that can be done at the present time is to indicate in a general 
way the age at which the Eucalyptus plantation may be cut. 

It should be remembered that the first few years in the life 
of a tree are spent in forming roots and crown, during which 
time very little merchantable wood is grown. In the case of the 
rapid-growing blue gum, this period covers at least five or six 
years, and it is only at the end of that time that it begins to pro- 
duce valuable wood. To cut the trees at that time is like draw- 
ing out money deposited in a bank just before the interest on it 
becomes due. Therefore, if it is at all possible to avoid it, no 
young trees should be cut. 

As a tree grows in age and size, the percentage of sapwood 
decreases rapidly and the lumber becomes more valuable. Fur- 
ther than as determined by this general principle, the age of the 
trees to be cut must depend on the purpose for which the wood 
is to be used. If fuel wood is the main crop, the trees may be 
cut in rotations of eight or nine years, but it must be remember- 
ed that sapwood makes poor fuel and that the young trees there- 
fore make inferior firewood. 

If fence posts are desired, the plantation may be cut when the 
majority of the trees are 10 to 13 inches in diameter or larger. 
The stand at that time would be nine to twelve years of age. 

If railroad ties or telephone and telegraph poles are to be the 
main consideration, the trees should be at least 15 or 16 inches 
in diameter measured 4^ feet from the ground. The stand 
would then be 12 to 20 years of age, according to the locality. 

If the forest is grown for the production of wharf piles, lum- 
ber or large timbers, it is best to keep the trees for at least 25 
or 30 years, at which time, if grown on favorable situations, the 
trees may be more than 20 inches in diameter and 100 feet high. 

Methods. 

If a second crop is expected, it is necessary to take certain 
precautions when cutting the first stand of trees. The ability 
of the stumps to ratoon has already been discussed, and it was 
mentioned that the time of the year when the trees are cut has 
a decided influence on their sprouting capacity, the months from 
November to March being the most favorable in this respect. 



28 

Whenever possible the trees should be cut with a saw. If 
they are cut with an ax, the choppers should be cautioned against 
leaving ragged stumps unable to shed water. To prevent still 
further the collection of moisture, the stumps should be cut 
slantwise, sloping away from the center like the roof of a house. 
Low stumps are preferable to high ones, first because more wood 
is utilized, and second because it gives the young sprouts a 
chance to establish independent root systems of their own in 
case the old stump should rot away. 

GROWTH AND YIELD OF EUCALYPTUS. 

Most of the eucalypts are rapid-growing trees, and of these 
the blue gum {E. globulus) is the most rapid. A distinction 
must here be made between a rapid-growing tree and a persist- 
ently-growing tree. Many eucalypts make very fast growth in 
the first few years of their life, but slacken the rate of growth 
in about eight or ten years. Such trees make an excellent show- 
ing in a young plantation, but are often a disappointment later 
on. Blue gum is both fast growing and fairly persistent. The 
following table, prepared from notes taken in various parts of 
Hawaii, shows in a general way the size of blue gum trees at 
different ages and grown under different conditions. Particular 
attention is called to the trees fourteen years of age growing at 
Umikoa, on the Island of Hawaii. The growth made by this 
small clump of trees compares favorably with trees grown under 
the best conditions in California : 



29 



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30 

Detailed tables similar to the above can not be made for the 
other species of eucalypts, but the field notes of the trees given 
in the Appendix state the age and size of a number of species 
found growing in various places in the Islands. 

The yield of wood or lumber to be obtained from a grove of 
a given age will depend, of course, not only on the size of the 
trees but also on the number of trees per acre. This, in turn, 
depends on the spacing of the trees in the plantation and the age 
of the stand. As a rule the older the grove the fewer trees to 
the acre, since more individuals are crowded out and killed in 
the struggle for existence. When trees are grown in compara- 
tively open stands, it sometimes happens that the number of 
trees at the end of eight or ten years is greater than the number 
of trees planted, in spite of the trees killed. This is due to the 
fact that a number of trees blown over send out numerous 
sprouts, some of which develop into good trees. 

To measure the 5neld of the various groves examined it was 
necessary to construct volume tables which show the average 
volume or contents of trees of various sizes. The volume of a 
tree of a given species depends on its diameter, height and age. 
Of two trees having the same diameter and the same height, the 
older tree has a slightly greater volume, because an older tree 
is fuller in form and more cylindrical. If very accurate results 
are desired, all the three factors must be known, but for prac- 
tical purposes two factors, such as diameter and height, or di- 
ameter and age, are suificient. 

Table II shows the average volume in cubic feet of different 
sized blue gum trees.* 



* The left hand vertical column in this next table shows the diameter 
of the tree at breast height; the uppermost horizontal line shows the 
total height 'of the tree from the ground to the top of the crown. To 
find the volume of a tree of any given diameter and height, as for ex- 
ample 10 inches in diameter and 70 feet high, look in the left hand 
column for the diameter (10), and under the height (70) find the volume 
of the tree (14.6 cubic feet). 



31 






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32 

To construct the above table 415 felled trees were measured, 
the diameter being taken at intervals of eight feet along the stem 
of the tree. The volume of each tree was then computed and 
the data were plotted on cross-section paper, curves drawn, and 
the figures for the table read from these curves. The volume 
of the stump and of the top of the tree was not included. The 
stump as a rule was 6 to 12 inches high and the top was the 
portion of the tree above a point where the diameter outside the 
bark was less than two inches. Big limbs or branches were in- 
cluded if the diameter at the small end of an eight-foot section 
measured two inches or more. 

The volume table can not be safely used to measure the volume 
of single trees. The more trees measured, the closer the average 
volume will approach the values given in the table. The diam- 
eter of the trees refers to the diameter outside the bark, mea- 
sured at a point 4J/2 feet above the ground. This is known as 
the breast-high diameter. 

Volume tables for yate (£. cornuta) and for swamp mahog- 
any {E. robiista), based on diameter measurements alone, are 
given in the Appendix. 

To convert the volume of a tree in cubic feet to its equivalent 
in cords it was assumed that on the average 90 cubic feet of 
solid wood will equal one cord of 128 cubic feet. The values 
of Table II were, therefore, divided by 90. The resulting Table 
III shows the volume of different sized trees expressed in deci- 
mals of a cord. 



33 



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34 

The above tables show the volume of trees expressed in cubic 
feet or in cords. Lumber trees, however, are usually measured 
in board feet, the board foot being a board one foot square and 
an inch thick. Since few of the trees measured were large 
enough to be scaled by the board foot, no table was constructed 
for Hawaii to show the lumber contents of various sized trees. 

YIELD. 

Because of the insufficiency of old groves it has been found 
impossible, as already stated, to construct tables showing the 
yield of wood from various plantations. Seven groves, however, 
varying in age from 5 to 20 years, were found growing under 
conditions regular enough to allow the measurement of sample 
plots, the results of which are summarized in Table IV. 









TABLE 


IV. 






YIELD OF BLUE GUM PLANTATIONS. 




Age 


No. trees 


Volume 


Volume 






fears. 


per acre. 


per acre, 
(cu. ft.) 


per acre, 
(cords) 


EEMAEKS. 




5 


244 


1363 


15.1 


Makawao, Maui; Elev. 
ft. Spacing irregular 
12x18. Many trees 
thrown. 


4500 
about 
wind- 


5 


180 


1568 


17.4 


Makawao, Maui; Elev. 
ft. Spacing 12x15. 


4200 


6 


236 


1853 


20.6 


Makawao, Maui; Elev. 
ft. Spacing 12x15. 


4200 


7 


176 


1861 


20.7 


Makawao, Maui; Elev. 
ft. Spacing 15x15. 


2400 


8 


570 


2039 


22.6 


Kaluanui, Maui; Elev. 
ft. Spacing 9x9. 


1500 


11 


216 


3725 


41.4 


Kailiili, Maui; Elevation 2400 










Spacing 10x15. 




20 


382 


5292 


58.8 


Paaukau, Hawaii; Elev 
ft. Spacing 10x10. 


1600 



None of the groves in which the measurements were made 
for the above table were grown under ideal conditions or under 
proper spacing, and the yield of properly-regulated groves should 
have made a much more favorable showing. But imperfect as 
the above table is, it shows the disadvantage in cutting young 
trees. Thus while the yield of the seven-year-old grove was 20.7 
cords ,to the acre, and of the eight-year-old grove 22.6 cords to 



35 

the acre, the yield of the eleven-year-old grove ran as high as 
41.4 cords to the acre, in spite of the wide spacing, thus show- 
ing how fast the trees grow after they once establish their root 
systems. The above table, being based on very meager data, 
can not be very reliable. It shows merely what a few groves 
have done rather than what regularly-spaced, carefully-tended 
plantations will do. As soon as there are enough old groves in 
the Islands to justify the work new and more complete yield 
tables should be constructed. 

FINANCIAL RETURNS FROM EUCALYPTUS. 

When trees are grown for water protection, shelter for cattle, 
windbreaks, etc., the relation between the cost of estabhshing a 
plantation and the value of the wood or lumber that may be cut 
from the forest is of secondary importance. When forests are 
grown solely for the commercial purpose of wood or lumber 
production, then the value of the forest products balanced against 
the expense incurred in obtaining the products will determine 
the practicability of growing the forest. Thus, it is manifest 
that an expenditure of $100 an acre to grow Eucalyptus will not 
be justified if the returns in wood and lumber amounts to only 
$75 an acre, unless in addition to the wood material certain in- 
direct benefits are enjoyed. It is, therefore, of the first import- 
ance to balance the cost of a plantation with the returns ex- 
pected. Furthermore, since most of the expenses are incurred 
at the time when the forest is planted, while the returns may not 
be obtained for years to come, it is necessary to carry forward 
all expenses with compound interest at an acceptable rate to the 
time when the crop is harvested. The cost of starting a planta- 
tion and the probable returns will, therefore, be examined next. 

COSTS. 

The cost of starting and maintaining a forest may be divided 
into three parts: (a) the cost of raising the trees in the nursery, 
(b) the cost of planting the trees, including the clearing of the 
land, and (c) the cost of tending and of protecting the grove. 

(a) The cost of raising the trees in the nursery varies from 
place to place, and is highest, of course, where conditions for 
tree growth are most unfavorable and where the trees, therefore, 
require most attention. In Hawaii it has been found that the 
cost of transplant trees in the nursery varies from $1.50 per 
thousand, where the trees are grown without boxes or flats, to 



36 

$35.00 or $40.00 a thousand where great care is necessary. The 
average figure would probably be between $20.00 and $25.00 
per thousand trees, but this average cost is unnecessarily high. 
This may be due to inexperience on the part of the planters, ex- 
cessive care, the hmited extent of the majority of the nurseries, 
or faulty bookkeeping. One or two men, usually Japanese, are 
employed to do the nursery work, and the entire wages of these 
Japanese are credited to the nursery account. Frequently these 
laborers do other work than raising trees, such as keeping the 
grounds in order, general gardening, tending to irrigation 
ditches, etc., and this, of course, is reflected in increased figures 
for the value of young seedlings. In many cases the nursery 
men could raise twice as many sedlings with practically the same 
outlay if the nursery were managed on a wholesale basis. Since, 
however, the planting done on most of the plantations is rather 
limited in extent, there is no demand for large quantities of trees, 
and the cost of the smaller number is proportionately increased. 

After careful figuring, the conclusion is reached that with few 
exceptions trees can be raised in Hawaii for $10.00 a thousand 
for commercial planting. This includes the raising of seedlings 
in beds or boxes in the nursery and transplanting them in flats 
or boxes when the trees are 2 or 3 inches high. Under excep- 
tionally favorable conditions of tree growth this cost can be ma- 
terially reduced. 

(b) The cost of planting trees will depend on the character 
of the ground cover to be cleared, on the distance the plantation 
is from the nursery, the ease with which trees may be grown in 
a given locality, and on the extensiveness of the plantation. It 
has been found to vary from $10 to $75 an acre. Under average 
conditions it should be possible to clear the land and set out the 
plants for $17 an acre, planted to 1,000 trees. This will include 
a charge of $8 per acre to clear the land and plow, $8 per acre 
to dig holes and plant the trees, and $1 per acre to transport the 
seedlings from the nursery to the plantation. 

In many cases these figures will be found too low, especially 
the figure for clearing the land and plowing it, in case of un- 
usually heavy lantana, while in other cases the figures will be 
much too high, but it is believed that planting on a commercial 
scale can be done for these figures if proper care and economy 
is exercised. 

(c) The expense involved in tending the grove after it is 
once established consists of the cost of weeding or cultivating 
for the first year or two after the trees are planted. The ex- 



37 

pense will vary, but on an average it should not exceed $3.00 an 
acre. 

Adding up the average cost of the three items of expense, it 
appears that $30 an acre on an average should cover the expense 
of establishing a Eucalyptus plantation on a commercial scale. 
In addition to this initial outlay, there will be a slight expense 
incurred in taxes on the land. 

RETURNS. 

The returns obtained from the plantation will vary with the 
species of trees planted and with the class of wood cut. The 
following statements apply only to blue gum. 

If cordwood is to be the main crop, the entire grove will be cut 
over every eight years, at which time it should be possible to 
obtain at least 22 cords to the acre. Assuming a stumpage value 
of $2.50 a cord, the crop would bring at the end of the first eight 
years a return of $55 per acre, which is equivalent to a return of 
8 per cent, compound interest on the original investment of $30 
per acre. However, in addition to this satisfactory return on 
the original investment it will be possible to obtain wood to the 
value of $55 per acre at the end of every eight years for an al- 
most indefinite time from the stumps of the trees cut down, all 
of which would be clear gain, in addition to the interest on the 
money invested. This calculation, however, does not take into 
account the value of the land. 

In the absence of reliable yield tables, it can not be stated with 
any degree of accuracy what returns could be obtained from a 
forest grown for the production of lumber and timber. How- 
ever, all indications seem to point to the conclusion that on waste 
land unfit for other uses, the Eucalyptus should prove a remun- 
erative crop. In addition to the final crop certain immediate 
as a rule not only pay for itself but would leave a wide margin 
of profit. This will be especially true of the later thinnings 
returns may be obtained from the forest through thinnings. The 
cost of thinning the stand to produce the desired final crop would 
when material will be obtained suitable not only for firewood 
but also for fence posts and perhaps for railroad ties. A thin- 
ning made in an eight-year-old stand on Maui, in the District of 
Makawao, originally spaced 9 by 9, yielded 2.2 cords per acre. 

No data are available to show what the returns would be for 
plantations of Eucalyptus other than blue gum. Most of the 
species are slower-growing than blue gum, but many of them 
make up in higher value what they lose in the slower rate of 



38 

growth. One specific example of yield may here be mentioned. 
A nine-year-old stand o£ Eucalyptus, consisting mainly of red 
mahogany (£. resinifera), on Maui, yielded 723 cords of fuel 
wood and 1800 fence posts on an area of 33.16 acres, or an av- 
erage of 21.8 cords of wood and 55 fence posts to the acre, 
which at a value of $2.50 per cord of firewood and 10 cents 
apiece for the posts amounts to $60 per acre — a very good show- 
ing. 

A Eucalyptus forest is a valuable and remunerative crop pro- 
vided the owner is willing to wait some years for the returns on 
his investment. The business of raising Eucalyptus is, there- 
fore, particularly well adapted to long-lived corporations and 
companies. That the forest has a value before the crop matures 
goes without saying. This value can be quite accurately figured 
in the assets of a plantation by discounting back to present date 
at an acceptable rate of compound interest, the prospective or 
expected value of the forest at the time when it will be cut. Thus 
if it is expected to cut the forest at the end of eight years and 
obtain cordwood to the value of $55 per acre, and money is 
valued at 8 per cent., the value of the grove at the end of seven 
years is $50.92, at the end of six years $47.15, at the end of five 
years $43.65, and so on. A lumber forest may be discounted in 
the same way. This should be borne in mind by plantation man- 
agers who hesitate to invest money in forest planting because 
no showing is made of the money expended until the forest is 
cut. In this connection it may not be out of place to state that 
there is hardly anything on a plantation or ranch which shows 
the foresight and thrift of the manager and is a more enduring 
monument to his wise management than a well-regulated, rapid- 
ly-growing forest. 

FOKEST MANAGEMENT TOR SUGAR l-liAN T ATIONS. 

It has been shown in the early part of the report that the fuel 
supply is becoming a serious problem with many plantations in 
Hawaii, that the fuel bill of the average plantation amounts to 
from $5,000 to $10,000 a year, and that there are a number of 
places where firewood can not be obtained at any reasonable 
price. The fuel question in many cases can be solved only by 
the plantations devoting a part of their land to forest planting 
in a systematic way. On almost every plantation in the Islands, 
pineapple and cofifee as well as sugar plantations, there are 
pieces of land, small in themselves, but aggregating a large total 
area, unfit for the main crop, either because the land is too steep. 



39 

the situation too windy, the soil too poor, or for other reasons, 
but which can support a good forest. The trees may be made 
frequently to serve as a windbreak to the main crop. In addi- 
tion to these small, scattered areas there is always some land on 
the edge of the plantation, frequently on the mauka or upper 
edge, which can not be used for growing the main crop because 
it is too high for irrigation or because the product can not be 
brought down at a profit, which is now lying idle, but which can 
be made to grow the annual fuel supply of the plantation. On 
the more extensive belts perhaps a few head of cattle graze now, 
but the land can probably be used to better advantage by grow- 
ing forest trees. A wise plantation management will utilize 
every square foot of ground to the best advantage, and so, while 
it is not expected that land fit for sugar or pineapples, or for 
growing agricultural crops, will be planted to trees, land not 
suitable for any more useful purpose should be covered with 
forest. To be of the greatest value all such planting should be 
systematically planned and carried out. 

Two general schemes of forest management are open to the 
plantation. 

1. If the plantation desires to raise its own supply of fuel 
but does not care to raise forests of large trees for lumber, ties, 
or dimension timber, the following plan may be adopted : Figure 
out the annual demand for firewood and plant an area suffi- 
ciently large so that the required quantity of wood may be cut in 
successive areas, returning to the first area when the ratoon crop 
on that area is large enough to be cut a second time. To take 
a specific case : Suppose the demand for firewood on the plan- 
tation is 1,000 cords per year, that it takes eight years to grow 
a crop of 22 cords to the acre, and that successive ratoon crops 
may be cut at the end of every eight years. In this case it would 
take about 45 acres of forest to supply the annual demand for 
firewood. Since it takes eight years for the ratoon crop to grow 
to sufficient size to be cut again, an area of 8 times 45 acres, or 
360 acres, will have to be planted. If, now, 45 acres are cut every 
year, the entire area of 360 acres will be cut over in eight years, 
but at the end of that time a second crop may be obtained from 
the 45 acres cut the first year. The next year it will be possible 
to cut again the portion of the forest which was cut the second 
year, and so on successively until the entire tract is cut over a 
second time, when the first area can be cut a third time, and the 
operation thus repeated many times, provided care is taken to 
cut the forest at the proper time of the year (from November to 
March), and provided the stumps are left in a good condition to 



40 

shed water. The necessary outlay for the plantation would be 
$30 an acre, or $10,800 for the entire 360 acres, not necessarily 
spent in one year, and at the end of eight years it would be pos- 
sible to reap a harvest of at least $5,000 each succeeding year 
for a long time to come. Already the more progressive planta- 
tion managers are beginning to see the wisdom and economy of 
this policy, and it will not be long before most of the planta- 
tions will grow their own fuel supply. 

2. When there is much land available unfit for any better 
purpose, a good return may be obtained on an investment in 
forest planting on this waste land for the purpose of producing 
lumber and timber. In this case most of the fuel wood necessary 
for the plantation may be obtained practically without cost by 
thinning out the main crop, and by using the tops and branches 
of the trees when eventually cut for lumber. It may be neces- 
sary, however, to devote at least a portion of the land to raising 
firewood exclusively, unless a very extensive area is planted in 
forest. The first thinning at the end of eight years will yield 
probably 3 cords to the acre; subsequent thinnings should yield 
more. On an average it may be figured that 5 cords to the acre 
can be obtained every eight years through thinnings. When 
the annual demand is 1,000 cords of wood, it will be necessary 
to thin 200 acres annually, and to allow for a rotation of eight 
years it will be necessary to have a planted forest of at least 
1,600 acres. Here the firewood would be incidental, since the 
main crop is the production of valuable lumber trees. The prac- 
ticability of this plan will depend on the amount of money that 
is available for investment in forest planting. There is little 
doubt that a good market can be secured for the product when 
the forest finally matures. 

On many plantations there are already more or less extensive 
planted forests, some of which are in excellent condition. In a 
number of places, however, the planted forest is not in the best 
producing state and can be greatly improved with a little at- 
tention. These latter plantations are faulty in one or two par- 
ticulars : First, the trees are planted too wide apart, and, second, 
inferior trees are planted in places capable of supporting a more 
valuable forest. The following remedies are suggested: 

Where the spacing is very wide, or where the trees already 
planted are not large and their shade will not interfere with the 
growth of new trees on the same area, then plant additional trees 
between the trees already growing, in order to form a fully- 
stocked forest. In this case shade-enduring trees should be se- 
lected for the new planting. The Japanese cedar or sugi 




Plate 7. rig. 1. Growth of Blue Gum, 5 Years Old. 

On the slope of Mt. Haleakala, Maui. 




Fig. 2. Blue Gum Trees, Olinda, Maui. 



a- ^ 




41 

(Cryptomeria japonica) and Monterey cypress may be tried 
for underplanting on elevations above 800 feet, while at the 
lower elevations one of the tolerant eucalypts like swamp ma- 
hogany may be tried. If the spacing or the size of the originally 
planted trees will interfere with the ready growth of additional 
trees, it may be necessary to cut off the present forest as soon as 
it is large enough to be utilized, and to plant additional trees 
between the stumps so that the sprouts of the stumps and the 
new trees planted will form a fully-stocked stand. 

Where the present forest consists of inferior species or poor- 
ly-developed trees, it is desirable to convert the entire stand into 
a more valuable forest with the least loss of time in order to- 
utilize the land to the best advantage. It would be poor policy,, 
however, to cut off the entire forest at once until it is ascertain- 
ed that more valuable trees can be made to grow there. Fur- 
thermore, the forest already growing can be made to serve as a 
windbreak for the new plantation. Accordingly, a belt of the 
old forest, 100 to 200 yards in width, should be left on the wind- 
ward side, and behind this belt a few acres at a time should be 
cut and replanted with the more desirable trees until the entire 
stand back of the windbreak is restocked. Except in places 
where there is Httle danger from windfall it would probably be 
best to allow the strip of old forest to grow indefinitely and act 
as a windbreak or shelter belt for the more valuable stand. 

ROADSIDE PLANTING OF EUCALYPTUS. 

Many thousands of trees are planted along the roads in Ha- 
waii, as well as along fence lines and lot boundaries, and such 
planting can be made an important source of firewood and fence 
posts, if carefully managed. The eucalypts, as has already been 
stated, are excellent shade trees and make desirable roadside 
trees, especially the blue, red, and lemon-scented gums, the mess- 
mate {E. amy gdalina) , and the swamp mahogany. Complaints 
are sometimes heard that roadside planting keeps the roads in 
poor condition because it does not allow the surface to dry 
readily. If proper care is used in setting out the trees, this diffi- 
culty can be obviated to a large extent. Planting on the wind- 
ward side of the road should be either wide spaced or entirely 
omitfed so that the wind may have free access to the road. On 
both sides of the road the trees should be spaced in such a way 
as to allow the sunlight to strike the road at some time during 
the day, successive parts of the road being in turn kept in shade. 
If these simple precautions are taken, there should not be diffi- 



culty in keeping the road dry, while at the same time securing 
the benefits of the shade trees. 

The yield' of wood from roadside trees is considerable. The 
main road leading east from Waimea on the Island of Hawaii 
is lined with blue gum trees for several miles, spaced eight feet 
apart, and planted in 1894 and 1896. The trees, fifteen years 
old, average 11 inches in diameter and 70 feet in height. It will 
be found by referring to the volume table (Table III) that a 
tree 11 inches in diameter and 70 feet high contains on an aver- 
age .192 cords of wood. Trees planted 8 feet apart will run 660 
trees to the mile on each side of the road, or a total of 1,320 
trees for both sides. The roadside trees along the Waimea road, 
now fifteen years old, thus contain 253 cords of -^ood per mile, 
which, at a value of $2.50 a cord, amounts to $632.50. 

When planted on private land, the trees may be grown in two 
or more rows and managed in such a way that the rows are cut 
successively, at definite intervals, to supply the necessary fire- 
wood and fence posts without destroying the value of the trees 
for the main purposes for which they were planted. 

KEEPING RECORDS. 

If forest planting is to be done systematically and in a busi- 
nesslike manner, business methods should be used. It is very 
important that a record be kept of the trees planted, of the costs 
of the operations, and of the returns obtained. This does not 
involve complicated bookkeeping, a simple record of the differ- 
ent operations being sufficient. An occasional half hour spent 
in this work will keep the history of the plantation up to date. 
Following is a suggested form for keeping a record of the plan- 
tation : 



43 



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44 

A map of the forest, showing the location of the trees, the 
time when the trees were set out, and the number planted, is 
almost indispensable. The map is particularly desirable in case 
of a Eucalyptus plantation, because, if track is once lost of the- 
trees planted, many species can not be identified until the trees, 
begin to bear flowers and seed, which often takes several years, 
and even at that time it will frequently require the services of 
an expert botanist. The attached diagram (Plate 9) shows the 
manner in which a simple map of the plantations may be made- 
without much effort. The suggested form for keeping records,, 
as well as the attached map, are intended merely as guides, and 
there is no doubt that many of the plantation managers can de- 
vise better plans of their own. The form of record is not im- 
portant, but only that a record should be kept. 




SCALE 
3 I'nc/res = /.OOOfsef 



SAMPLE MAP OF EUC/ILypTU5 PLA^/TAT/ON 
Plate 9. 



APPENDIX 



48 

Timber valuable for spokes, tool handles, and is taking the place 
of hickory. 

E. capitellata, Smith. Brown stringybark. 

Tree occasionally 200 feet but usually not more than 50 feet 
Tiigh and 2 to 2y2 feet in diameter. Prefers moist soils. 

Wood tough, strong and durable ; splits very readily. Used 
rfor shingles, fuel and rough construction. 

E. citriodora, Hook. Lemon-scented gum. 

A rapid growing tree sometimes 125 feet high and 4 feet in 
'diameter. Rapid growing. 

Wood flexible, strong and durable. Used instead of hickory 
dn coach factories. 

E. cordaia, Labill. 

A tree rarely more than 50 feet high. Uses of wood none. 

E. coriacea, A. Cunn. White gum. 

A medium sized tree, rarely 75 to 100 feet high and 3 to 5 . 
•feet in diameter. Tree can not stand drought. Very hardy to 
-climate and probably suitable to high elevations. 

Wood soft, fairly durable in the ground, splits well but is 
"brittle and warps easily. Good fuel; occasionally used for fence 
-posts. 

E. cornuta, Labill. Yate. 

A large tree in its native home but is apt to be spreading and 
"branchy. Endures much rain. Prefers rich moist soil, but will 
grow in poor soil. 

Wood heavy, hard, tough and elastic. L^sed for shafts and 
wagon work. 

E. corymhosa, Smith. Bloodwood. 

A tree occasionally 100 to 150 feet high, but usually much 
•smaller and sometimes stunted and shrubby. 

Tree unsuited for lumber on account of kino or gum which it 
contains. Wood lasts well under ground and is valuable for 
fence posts even when the tree is young. Not very good for fuel 
'except in furnaces. 




Plate 10. Eucalyptus Forest on Tantalus. 



. 49 

E. corynocalyx, F. v M. Sugar gum. • - 

A tree of good timber form reaching a height of from 50 to 
100 feet, and a diameter of from 5 to 6 feet. It is of slower 
growth than bhie gum but is a persistent grower. One of the 
most drought enduring trees, but prefers moisture. 

One of the best all around trees. Timber straight and even 
grained, durable in contact with the soil. Lumber does not warp 
much in drying. One of the strongest eucalypts ; the seasoned 
wood is better than the best grade of second-growth hickory. 

E. crebra^ F. v M. Narrow-leaved ironbark. 

A slender tree 100 feet high and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Not 
particular as to character of soil on which it grows. 

Wood durable under ground, and used for posts, ties, piles, 
bridges and wagon stock. A valuable timber tree. 

E. diversicolor, F. v M. Karri. 

This tree is among the tallest eucalypts, easily reaching a 
height of over 300 feet and diameter of 15 feet or more. Trunk 
usually straight and symetrical. Grows faster than Eucalyptus 
amygdalina. Does not endure dry heat, but likes moist climate. 

Wood straight grained, not very durable under ground but 
lasts in water and is good for piling. The timber is superior to 
that of blue gum. Used for masts, wheelwright work, ship build- 
ing, spokes, shafts, felloes and rails. 

E. eugenioides, Sieh. White stringybark. 

A tree 150 to 200 feet high. Prefers moist climate, which is 
not too hot. Tree is not fastidious as to soil requirements. 

Wood strong and durable, not very hard, easily worked, splits 
easily, and does not warp badly in drying. Used for fence posts, 
ties, flooring and paving blocks. Fairly good fuel. 

E. eximia, Schau. White bloodwood. 

A medium sized tree, rarely 80 feet tall, resembling E. corym- 
hosa. 

Wood soft and not durable. Good fuel. 



54 

E. redunca, Schau. Wandoo. 

A very large tree, sometimes 17 feet in diameter. Will grow 
on poor soil, but requires moisture. 

Wood hard, heavy, durable. Used for wheelwright work. 

E. regnans, F. v M. See E. amygdalina. 
E. resinifera, Smith. Red mahogany. 

A medium sized tree, occasionally reaching a height of 100 
feet. It prefers moist, semitropical climate, but will grow on 
hard, gravelly soils. It is a hardy tree and can stand much 
drought. 

Wood very hard, strong and very durable. Used for fence 
posts, piles, paving blocks, shingles and general construction. 
It makes an excellent furniture wood. This is one of the most 
valuable hardwoods in Australia. It lasts a long time in salt 
water. 

E. robusta. Smith. Swamp mahogany. 

A tree 100 feet high and 4 feet in diameter. It prefers moist 
situations but will grow under almost any condition, where no 
other eucalypts can exist. 

Wood fairly durable under ground. Used for posts, railroad 
ties and ship building. 

E. rostrata, Schl. Red gum. 

A tree 100, sometimes 200 feet high, and 6 to 12 feet in dia- 
meter. Crooked and irregular in form, even when closely planted. 
It prefers low, moist, clayey soils, but can stand much heat. It 
makes fairly rapid growth but does not grow so rapidly, except 
in the seedling stage, as blue gum. It can withstand hurricanes, 
but will not thrive in a steady wind, unless cultivated and cared 
for in the early stages of its growth. 

_ Wood durable in the soil and water ; makes good fence posts, 
piles 'and railroad ties. It resists the attacks of teredo and white 
ants. It is used for ship building, piles, posts, paving blocks and 
street curbing; and is an exceptionally good fuel wood. 

E. rudis, Endl. Swamp gum. 

A tree 75 to 100 feet high. It requires a good deal of moisture 
for its proper growth. 
Good for fuel. 



55 
E. saligna, Smith. Flooded gum. 

A tall straight tree 100 to 200 feet high and 3 to 6 feet in 
diameter. It prefers rich alluvial soils. 

Wood strong, straight grained, easily worked. One of the 
lightest eucalypts in weight. Very durable under ground. Used 
for piles, beams, fence posts and railroad ties. This is a good 
lumber tree and the wood is extensively used by carpenters. 

E. siderophloia, Benth, Broad-leaved ironbark. 

A tree 100 to 150 feet in height and 3 to 4 feet in diameter. 
Wood hard, strong and durable. Used for bridges, posts and 
railroad ties. Fair fuel, but burns slowly. 

E. sideroxylon, A. Cunn. Red ironbark. 

A rather branchy tree, usually short, but sometimes 100 feet 
high and 4 feet in diameter. It grows naturally on poor soil, but 
makes rather slow growth. 

Wood hard, heavy, strong and durable under ground. Used 
for ties, spokes and shafts. This is one of the best fuel woods. 

E. sieheriana, F. v M. Mountain ash. 

Straight tall tree 100 to 150 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. 
It will grow on poor soils. 

Wood strong, elastic, splits easily and is used for shipbuilding 
and for tool handles. It makes second grade timber and the 
wood is attacked by white ants. Excellent fuel wood. Con- 
tradictory statements in regard to the durability of the wood. 

E. tereticornis, Smith. Gray gum, 

A tree 100 to 125 feet high and 3 to 4 feet in diameter. It 
makes a slower growth than blue gum. It frequently grows a 
straight trunk of larger dimensions. The tree can stand more 
drought than Eucalyptus ro strata, which it resembles, but is not 
so good. 

Timber strong, hard, heavy, quite durable when the wood is 
well seasoned. Used for ties, posts and wheelwright work. The 
lumber is liable to warp and twist in seasoning. It makes poor 
fuel. 



56 

E. viminalis, Labill. Manna gum. 

A tree sometimes 300 feet high, and 15 feet or more in dia- 
meter, but often of irregular and poor form. The tree will not 
stand much wind and will not thrive on poor soil. 

The timber is not valuable, but is sometimes used for shingles,, 
fence rails and ship construction. It is not a very good fuel 
wood. 




Plate 11. Eucalyptus citriodora in the Tantalus Forest. 



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58 



SIZE OF EUCALYPTS. 



TALL EUCALYPTS, USUALLY MORE TPIAN 100 FEET IN HEIGHT. 



E. amygdalina 
E. calophylla 
E. cornuta 
E. diversicolor 
E. eugenioides 
E. globulus 
E. goniocalyx 
E. gunnii 
E. longifolia 
E. obliqua 
E. pilularis 
E. polyanthemos 
E. redunca 
E. saligna 
E. siderophloia 
E. sieberiana 
E. tereticornis 
E. viminalis 



Messmate. Peppermint gum 

Orange-flowered gum. 

Yate. 

Karri. 

White stringybark. 

Blue gum. 

Mountain gum. . 

Cider gum. 

Woolybutt. 

Stringybark. 

Blackbutt. 

Red box. 

Wandoo. 

Flooded gum. 

Broad-leaved ironbark. 

Mountain ash. 

Gray gum. 

Manna gum. 



MEDIUM-SIZED EUCALYPTS, USUALLY 50 TO 100 FEET IN HEIGHT. 



E. acmenoides 
E. bicolor 
E. botryoides 
E. capitellata 
E. citriodora 
E. coriacea 
E. corymbosa 
E. corynocalyx 
E .crebra 
E. eximia 
E. gomphocephala 
E. haemastoma 
E. hemiphloia 
E. leucoxylon 
E. macarthuri 
E. macrorhyncha 
E. maculata 
E. marginata 
E. melliodora 
E. occidentalis 



White mahogany. 

Black box. 

Bastard mahogany. 

Brown stringybark. 

Lemon-scented gum. 

White gum. 

Blood wood. 

Sugar gum. 

Narrow-leaved ironbark. 

White bloodwood. 

Tooart. 

Scribbly gum. 

Gray box. 

Victoria gum. 

River box. 

Red stringybark. 

Spotted gum. 

Jarrah. 

Yellow box. 

Flat-topped yate. 



59 

E. paniculata White ironbark. 

E. piperita Sydney peppermint. 

E. punctata Leather jacket. 

E. resinifera Red mahogany. 

E. robusta Swamp mahogany. 

E. rostrata Red gum. 

E. rudis Swamp gum. 

E. sideroxylon Red ironbark. 

SMALL EUCALYPTS, USUALLY LESS THAN 50 FEET IN HEIGHT. 

E. cordata 

E. ficifolia Scarlet-flowered gum. 

E. obtusiflora 

E. pulverulenta Silver-leaved stringybark. 



60 



LIST OF EUCALYPTS PLANTED IN HAWAII, 



Trees marked thus (*) were identified by Dr. J. H. Maiden, 



Eucalyptus acmenoides, Schau. 
alba, Rein, 
amygdalina, Labill. 
bicolor, A. Cunn. 
botryoides, Sm. 
calophylla, R. Br.* 
capitellata, Smith.* 
citriodora, Hook, 
cor data, Labill. 
coriacea, A. Cunn. 
cornuta, Labill. 
corymbosa, Smith, 
corynocalyx, F. v M. 
crebra, F. v M. 
diversicolor, F. v M. 
eugenioides, Sieb.* 
eximia, Schau. 
ficifolia, F. v M. 
globulus, Labill. 
gomphocephala, D. C. 
goniocalyx, F. v M. 
gunnii, Hook, 
haemastoma. Smith 
haemastoma var. mi- 

crantha, D. C* 
hemiphloia, F. v M.* 
hemiphloia var. mi- 

crocarpa.* 
lehmanni, Preiss. 
leucoxylon, F. v M. 
longifolia, Link & 

Otto 
macarthuri, H. D. & 

J. H. M. 
macrorhyncha, F. v M. 
maculata, Hook, 
marginata, Smith, 
obliqua, L'Her. 
obtusiflora, D. C. 
occidentalis, Endl. 
paniculata, Smith.* 



White mahogany. 

Messmate. Peppermint gum. 
Black box. 
Bastard mahogany. 
Orange-flowered gum. 
Brown stringybark. 
Lemon-scented gum. 

White gum. 

Yate. 

Bloodwood. 

Sugar gum. 

Narrow-leaved ironbark. 

Karri. 

White stringybark. 

White bloodwood. 

Scarlet-flowered gum. 

Blue gum. 

Tooart. 

Mountain gum. 

Cider gum. 

Scribbly gum. 



Gray box. 



Victoria gum. 

Woolybutt. 
River box. 

Red stringybark. 
Spotted gum. 
Jarrah. 
Stringybark. 

Flat-topped yate. 
White ironbark. 



61 



Eucalyptus pilularis, Smith. 
" piperita, Smith.* 

" polyanthemos, Schau.* 

" pulverulenta, Smith. 

" punctata, D. C. 

" redunca, Schau. 

" resinifera, Smith. 

" resinifera var. grandi- 

flora, Benth. 
" robusta, Smith. 

" rostrata, Schl.* 

" rudis, Endl. 

" sahgna, Smith. 

" siderophloia, Benth.* 

" sideroxylon, 

A. Cunn.* 
" sieberiana, F. v M. 

" tereticornis, Smith. 

" viminahs, Labill. 



Blackbutt. 

Sydney peppermint. 

Red box. 

Silver-leaved stringybark. 

Leather] acket. 

Wandoo. 

Red mahogany. 



Swamp mahogany. 
Red gum. 
Swamp gum. 
Flooded gum. 
Broad-leaved ironbark. 



Red ironbark. 
Mountain ash. 
Gray gum. 
Manna gum. 



LIST OF BOOKS ON EUCALYPTUS. 

FOUND IN THE LIBRARY OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF 
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, HONOLULU, HAWAII. 



Barrett, J. E. 

Shelter-Planting. New Zealand Department of Agricul- 
ture, Bulletin I, 1908. 
Baker, R. T., & Smith. H. G. 

A Research on the Eucalypts especially in regard to their 
Essential Oils, 1902. 
Beauverie, J. 

Le Bois, Vol. II, 1905. 
Bentham, G. 

Flora AustraHensis. Vol. Ill, 1866. 
Cooper, Ellwood. 

Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees, 1876. 
Diels, L. 

Die Vegetation Der Erde-Die Pflanzenwelt von West-Aus- 
tralien Sudlich Des Wendekreises, Vol. VII, 1906. 
Gill, Walter. 

Annual Progress Report State Forest Administration in 
South Australia, 1901-1909. 



62 

Maiden, J. H. 

A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus. 
Forest Flora of New South Wales. 

On Hybridization in the Genus Eucalyptus. Extracts from 
Transactions Australia Association Advancement of 
Science, 1904. 
The Common Eucalyptus Flora of Tasmania and New 
South Wales. 
McClatchie, Alfred J. 

Eucalypts Cultivated in the United States. Bulletin 35, 
Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
Mueller, F. von 

Eucalyptographia — Eucalypts of Australia and Adjoining 

Islands, 1884. 
Forest Resources of West Australia, 1879. 
Select Extra Tropical Plants, 1885. 
Snow, Chas. H. 

The Principal Species of Wood : Their Characteristic 
Properties, 1903. 
Stone, H. 

The Timbers of Commerce and Their Identification, 1904. 



Agricultural Gazette, New South Wales, Vol. XVIII, Part 2, 

1907. 
Journal, Department of Agriculture, South Australia, Vol. XIII, 

No. 4, 1909. 
Journal, Department of Agriculture, West Australia, 

Vol. XI, Part 4, 1905. 

Vol. XVII, Part 4, 1908. 
Queensland Agricultural Journal. 

Vol. XIII, Part 6, 1903. 

Vol. XIV, Part 6, 1904. 

Vol. XV, Parts 1, 3, 5, 1904. 

Vol. XVIII, Part 4, 1907. 

Reports, Chief Conservator of Forests, Cape of Good Hope, 1904- 
1906. 

Tasmanian Crown Lands Guide, 1901. 
Tasmanian Timbers : Their Qualities and Uses, 1903. 
Tasmanian Forestry Timber Products and Sawmilling Industry, 
1905. 



63 

Since the compilation of the above Hst there have been added 
to the Library the following: 

Ingham, Norman D. 

Eucalypts in California ; Bull. 196, Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, Berkeley, California. 1908. 
Lull, G. B. 

A Handbook for Eucalyptus Planters ; Circular No. 2, 
California State Board of Forestry, 2nd Edition, 1908. 
Sellers, C. H. 

Eucalyptus : Its History, Growth and Utilization. 1910. 
Rodney, L. 

Trees of the Tasmanian Forests : The Genus Eucalyptus. 
1910. 
Betts, H. S., & Smith, C. Stowell. 

Utilization of California Eucalypts: Circular 179, Forest 
Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1910. 
Margolin, Louis. 

Yield from Eucalyptus Plantations in California. Bulletin 
No. 1, CaHfornia State Board of Forestry. 1910. 
Zon, Raphael, & Briscoe, J. M. 

Eucalypts in Florida. Bulletin 87, Forest Service, U. S. 
Department of Agriculture. 1911. 



Westergaard, C. Jr. 

Eucalypts Cultivated in the United States : In "Forestry 
Quarterly," Vol. Ill, No. 7, pp. 280-303. 1909. 
Plummer, Fred G. 

The Growing of Eucalyptus. In Proceedings of the So- 
ciety of American Foresters, Vol. V, pp. 109-130. 
1910. (This article contains a bibliography of publi- 
cations about Eucalypts.) 



64 
TIELD NOTES ON THE EUCALYPTS FOUND PLANTED IN HAWAII. 

The following notes on the eucalypts were collected in various 
parts of the four islands visited. The names of the trees are 
"based mostly on the names supplied by Eucalyptus seed dealers 
in Australia and California, and may not be authentic. Speci- 
mens of certain eucalypts growing on Tantalus on Oahu were 
■sent to Dr. J. H. Maiden, the Government Botanist of New South 
Wales for identification. The species named by Dr. Maiden from 
these specimens are starred (*) in the following list: 

Where no detailed description is given about a tree it is because 
the seed has been planted so recently that little information about 
it is available. 

E. acmenoides, Schau. White Mahogany. 

Xauai — 

Planted at Kalaheo, at an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 
feet. 

E. alha, Rein. 
Kauai — 

Planted at Kalaheo, at an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 
feet. The tree grows quite well. 

E. amygdaUna, Labill. Messmate — Peppermint gum. 

Maui— 

Found growing in Makawao, at an elevation of 2,500 feet. 
Trees 12 years old are 75 feet high and 10 to 12 inches 
in diameter. Trees doing well. 
Makawao. At an elevation of 800 feet, trees 9 years old are 
50 to 60 feet high and 10 inches in diameter. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. At an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 feet the 
tree does fairly well, but the altitude is probably too low 
here. 

Kilohana. At an elevation of 1,000 feet the tree is growing 
quite well. 

E. hicolor, A. Cunn. Black box. 
Maui— 

Planted at elevations of between 500 and 2,000 feet. 
E. hotryoides, Sm. Bastard mahogany. 




Plate 12. Eucalyptus robusta on Tantalus. 



65 

Maui— 

Makawao. At elevations of 2,000 feet and higher. This 
seems to be the fastest growing of all the eucalypts at 
higher elevations, but no old trees were seen. 
Oahu — 

, Waipio. At an elevation of 1,000 feet. Trees 5 months old 
are 4 to 7 feet high. Land was fertilized and cultivated, 
Xauai — 

Kalaheo. Planted at an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 
feet. 
Hawaii — 

Waimea. At an elevation of 2,700 feet the trees did not 
grow well in the nursery. 

E. calophylla^, R. Br. Orange-flowered gum. 
Maui— 

Makawao. At elevations of between 2,500 and 3,000 feet 

the trees are growing quite well. 
Haiku. Trees at an elevation of 1,600 feet are growing 
well. 
Oahu — 

Waipio. At an elevation of 1,000 feet trees one year old are 

10 to 15 feet high. Land cultivated and fertilized. 
Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 
30 years old are 55 feet high and 12 inches in diameter. 
Xauai — 

Kalaheo. At an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 feet the 
seedlings did not do very well. 

E. capitellata^, Smith. Brown stringybark. 
Maui— 

Makawao. At an elevation of between 2,500 and 3,000 feet 
trees three years old are about 10 feet high. Small bush. 
Oahu — 

Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 
30 years old are 35 feet high and 10 inches in diameter. 

E. citriodora, Hook. Lemon-scented gum. 
Maui— 

Makawao. Trees doing well in nursery at an elevation of' 
about 2,500 feet. Seedlings have not yet been planted 
but indications are that the tree will do well. 
At an elevation of 2,000 feet and higher the tree does very 

well. 
Haiku. Trees planted at elevations of between 500 and 
2,000 feet. 



66 

Hawaii — 

Paauhau. At an elevation of 1,600 feet trees 20 years old 

are 60 to 75 feet high and 8 to 10 inches in diameter. 
Pahala. At an elevation of 2,000 feet trees 2 years old are 

6 to 10 feet high. 
Waimea. At an elevation of 2,700 feet trees do not grow 
well in the nursery. Probably too windy. 
Oahu — 

Nuuanu Valley. Trees 'planted on poor soil and in windy 
situations at an elevation of 1,000 feet are not growing 
well. 
Waipio. Trees 10 months old at an elevation of 1,000 feet 
are 10 to 15 feet high. Land cultivated and fertiHzed. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. At an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 feet 

trees are growing quite well. 
Lihue. Trees 7 years old, growing near sea level, are 40 

to 50 feet high and 8 to 10 inches in diameter. 
Kilohana. At an elevation of 1,000 feet the trees are grow- 
ing well. 

E. cor data, Labill. 
Maui — 

Makawao. Trees planted at elevations of 2,000 feet and 
higher. 

E. coriacca, A. Cunn. White gum. 
Maui — 

Makawao. At an elevation of between 2,500 and 3,000 feet 
the trees are not growing very well, being talKand 
spindling. 
At elevations of 2,000 feet and higher, the trees are doing 
very well. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. At an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 feet 
the trees are rather slow growing. Trees 3 years old 
are from 4 to 5 feet high. 

E. cornuta, Labill. Yate. 
Maui — 

Makawao. At an elevation of between 2,500 and 3,000 feet 
the trees are growing fairly well. 



67 

Oahu— 

Waipio. At an elevation of 1,000 feet trees 10 months old 
are from 8 to 10 feet tall. Land is cultivated and fer- 
tilized. Trees grow rather bushy. 

Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 
30 years old are 15 to 16 inches in diameter and about 
60 feet high. 
Kauai- — 

Kalaheo. Trees are planted at an elevation of between 900 
and 1,000 feet. 

E. corymbosa, Smith. Bloodwood. 
Maui— 

Makawao. At elevations of between 2,000 and 3,000 feet 

trees grow rather slowly. 
At an elevation of 1,500 feet trees are growing fairly well. 

Oahu — 

Waipio. At an elevation of 1,000 feet trees 10 months old 
are 8 to 10 feet high. Land was fertilized and culti- 
vated. Trees do not stand the wind very well. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted between 900 and 1,000 feet ele- 
vation. 

Hawaii — 

Waimea. At an elevation of 2,700 feet the seedlings did 
not grow very well. 

E. corynocalyx, F. v M. Sugar gum. 
Maui — 

Makawao. At elevations of 2,500 to 3,000 feet the trees 

seem to be growing very well. Trees 80 feet high and 

8 to 10 inches in diameter were found, but the age of 

these trees is not known. 

At elevations of 2,000 feet and higher seedling trees are 

making very rapid growth. 
Haiku. Trees are planted at elevations between 500 and 
2,000 feet. 
Oahu — 

Waipio. At an elevation of 1,000 feet trees 6 months old 
are 3 to 5 feet high. Land cultivated and fertilized. 



Kauai — 

Kalaheo. At an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 feet 
trees are making good growth. Trees 6 years old are 
30 to 35 feet high and 4 to 6 inches in diameter.' Trees 
3 years old are 8 feet high. 

Kukuiolono. Trees planted at an elevation of 1,000 feet. 

Hawaii — 

Wainiea. Seedlings did not grow well at an elevation of 
2,700 feet. 

E. crehra, F. v M. Narrow-leaved ironbark. 
Maui— 

Makawao. At an elevation of 2,000 feet the seedling trees 
are doing very well. Stand transplanting. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of between 900 and 
1,000 feet. 

E. diversicolor, F. v M. Karri. 
Maui— 

Haiku. Trees planted at elevations from 500 to 2,000 feet. 

Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees 3 to 4 years old are doing well at an eleva- 
tion of between 900 and 1,000 feet. 

Kukuiolono. At an elevation of 1,000 feet trees one year 
old are from 6 to 7 feet high. They do not stand up to 
the wind, leaning to leeward. 

E. eugenioides'^, Sieb. White stringybark. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of between 900 and 
1,000 feet. 
Oahu— 

Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 30 
years old are 40 feet high and 10 inches in diameter. 

E. exiniia, Schau. White blood wood. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of between 900 and 
1,000 feet. 

E. HcifoUa, F. v M. Scarlet-flowered gum. 



69 

Maui — 

Makawao. At elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 feet. 
Trees are rather slow growing, 40 to 50 feet in from 
15 to 20 years. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of between 900 and 
1,000 feet. 

E. globulus, Labill. Blue gum. 

The tree grows well in practically all parts of all the islands 
at almost all elevations but does particularly well at alti- 
tudes higher than 1,000 feet. The tree grows in windy 
localities but in such places it is of very poor shape. 
Maui — 

Makawao. At an elevation of from 2,500 to 3,000 feet trees 
are growing very well. Trees 4 years old are now 
about 25 feet high. 

At elevations of between 500 and 2,000 feet trees are grow- 
ing rapidly. 

At an elevation of 4,000 feet trees 35 years old are 30 to 36 
inches in diameter and 65 to 75 feet high. 

At an elevation of 5,300 feet trees 5 years old are 4 to 9 
inches in diameter and 40 to 45 feet high. 

For additional notes and diameters at different ages see 
Table I. 

Blue gum produced fertile seed when 25 years old at an 
elevation of 4,000 feet. In the same place fertile seed 
was produced by a tree only 12 years old. 

Hawaii — 

Kukaiau. Trees 14 years of age at an elevation of 4,000 

feet are 15 to 24 inches in diameter and 100 to 130 feet 

high. 
Pahala. At an elevation of 1,800 feet shade trees near the 

"Stone Field" are remarkably tall and straight and from 

20 to 35 inches in diameter. Age unknown. 
Waimea. Trees can not stand the strong wind. At an 

elevation of 2,700 feet trees 5 to 6 years old are only 3 

to 15 feet hig-h. 



70 

Oahu — 

Nuuanu Valley. At an elevation of 1,000 feet in very windy 
places, growing in poor soil, blue gum 12 years old is 
only 20 to 25 feet high and 4 inches in diameter. 

Waipio. At an elevation of 1,000 feet trees 10 months old 
are 15 to 20 feet high, and are the best of eleven dif- 
ferent species planted. The land was cultivated and 
fertilized. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. At an elevation of from 900 to 1,000 feet trees 
are doing quite well. 

E. gomphocephala, D. C. Tooart. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. At an elevation of between 900 and 1,00 feet 
trees 3 to 4 years old are growing quite well. 

E. goniocalyx, F. v M. Mountain gum. 
Hawaii — 

Waimea. At an elevation of 2,700 feet seedlings were 
growing quite well. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. At an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 feet 
trees 3^-2 years old are 20 feet high. 

E. gunnii, Hook. Cider gum. 
Maui— 

Makawao. At an elevation of between 2,500 and 3,000 
feet trees 3 years old are growing quite well. The 
seedlings are difficult to raise in the nursery. At ele- 
vations of 2,000 feet and higher trees are growing 
very rapidly. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of between 900 
and 1,000 feet. 

E. haeniastoma, Smith. Scribbly gum. 
Hawaii — 

Waimea. At an elevation of 2,700 feet seedlings were 

growing quite well. 
Kalaheo. At an elevation of between 900 and 1,000 feet 

trees 3 years old were growing well, but not rapidly, 

being 4 to 8 feet high. The tree does not stand the 

wind here. 



71 

Oahu — 

Waipio. Trees planted at an elevation of 1,000 feet. 

E. haemastoma, var. micrantha^ D. C. 
Oahu — 

Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 
30 years old are 45 feet high and 15.5 inches in di- 
ameter. 

E. hemiphloia,^ F. v M. - Gray box. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of between 900 
and 1,000 feet. 
Oahu — 

Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 
30 years old are 45 feet high and 12 inches in diameter. 
Hawaii — 

Waimea. At an elevation of 2,700 feet seedlings were 
growing quite well. 

E. hemiphloia, var. microcarpa."^' 
Oahu — 

Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees are 50 
feet high and 16 inches in diameter. 

E. lehmanni, Preiss. 
Kauai^ — 

Kalaheo. Low shrub at an elevation of between 900 and 
1,000 feet. 

E. leucoxylon, F. v M. Victoria gum. 
Maui— 

Makawao. At an elevation of between 2,500 and 3,000 
feet seedlings are growing fairly well. The trees are 
hard to raise in the nursery. 

At elevations from 2,000 to 4,000 feet the trees are 
making very rapid growth. 

E. longifolia, Link and Otto. Woolybutt. 
Maui — 

Makawao. The tree does well at elevations of 2,000 feet 

and higher. 
Haiku. The tree is planted at elevations of from 500 to 
2,000 feet. 



71 

Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of from 900 to 
1,000 feet. 

E. macarthuri, H. D. & J. H. M. River box. 
Maui — 

Makawao. Young trees are growing well at elevations of 
2,000 feet and up. 

E. macrorhyncha, F. v M. Red stringybark. 
Maui— 

Makawao. Young trees are doing well at an elevation of 
between 2,500 and 3,000 feet. The seedlings are hard 
to raise in the nursery. 

E. maculata, Hook. Spotted gum. 
Maui — 

Haiku. Trees planted at elevations of between 500 and 
2,000 feet. 

E. marginata, Smith. Jarrah. 
Maui — 

Makawqo. Young trees are growing well at elevations of 

2,000 feet and up. 
Haiku. Trees planted at elevations of between 500 and 
2,000 feet. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees 3 years old at an elevation of between 900 
and 1,000 "feet are growing slowly, being 4 to 5 feet 
high. 

E. obliqua, L'Her. Stringybark. 
Maui— 

Makawao. At an elevation of between 2,500 and 3,000 feet 
seedlings of this tree did well in the nursery, but died 
when transplanted. This may have been due to an 
exceedingly rainy season. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation between 900 and 
1,000 feet. 

E. obtnsiflora, D. C. 
Maui — 

Makawao. Young trees growing fairly well at an elevation 
of between 2,500 and 3,000 feet. 

E. occidentalis, Endl. Flat-topped yate. 



73 

Kauai — 

Haiku. Trees planted at elevations of between 500 and 
1,500 feet. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees 6 years old growing at an elevation of 900 
feet are not doing well. Crooked and poor. 

E. paniculata/^' Smith. White ironbark. 
Maui — 

Makawao. Young trees growing rapidly at elevations of 
2,000 feet and higher. 
Kauai — 

Kukuiolono. Trees planted at an elevation of 1,000 feet. 
Oahu — 

Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet are trees 
25 to 30 years old. 

E. pilularis, Smith. Blackbutt. 
Maui— 

Makawao. Young trees are growing well at elevations of 
2,000 feet and higher. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees growing at an elevation of between 900 
and 1,000 feet 3^^ years old are 20 feet high. Trees 
6 years old are 30 to 40 feet high and 3 to 6 inches in 
diameter. Trees stand wind quite well. 
Kukuiolono. Trees growing at an elevation of 1,000 feet 
are 4 to 5 feet high in one year. 

E. piperita/^ Smith. Sydney peppermint. 
Oahu — 

Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 
30 years old are 60 feet high and 14.5 inches in di- 
ameter. 

E. polyanthemos,^' Schau. Red box. 

Maui — 

Makawao. Young trees are growing quite well at eleva- 
tions of 2,000 feet and higher. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees 4 years old at an elevation of 900 feet are 
15 to 20 feet high. 
Oahu— 

Government Nursery. Tree 40 feet high and 17.5 inches 
in diameter. Age unknown. 



74 

Hawaii — 

Waimea. Young seedlings are growing well at an eleva- 
tion of 2,700 feet. 

E. pnlverulenta, Smith. Silver-leaved stringybark. 

Maui— 

Makawao. At an elevation of 3,000 feet the trees are 
growing quite well. Seedlings do not stand trans- 
planting readily. 

E. punctata, D. C. Leather j acket. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of between 900 and 
1,000 feet. 

E. redunca, Schau. Wandoo. 
Maui— 

Haiku. Trees planted at elevations of between 500 and 
2,000 feet. 

E. resinifera, Smith. Red mahogany. 
Maui— 

Makawao. At an elevation of 3,000 feet the tree does not 

grow well; apparently it is too cool. 
Haiku. At elevations of between 500 and 800 feet trees 
9 years old were 50 to 75 feet high and 9 to 11 inches 
in diameter. The tree grows well also at an elevation 
of 1,500 feet. Sprouts from trees cut 3 years ago are 
now 30 to 40 feet high and 5 inches in diameter. 
Grove Ranch. At an elevation of 900 feet trees 3 years 
old are 35 to 40 feet high and 8 inches in diameter. 
Oahu — 

Waipio. Trees a few months old are planted at an eleva- 
tion of 1,000 feet. 
Kauai — 

Kukuiolono. Young trees are growing well at an eleva- 
tion of 1,000 feet. 
Hawaii — • 

Wainiea. Seedlings were growing at an elevation of 2,700 
feet. 

E. resinifera var. grandiflora, Benth. 



75 

Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Elevation 900 to 1,000 feet. The trees are making 
excellent growth. Trees 3 years old are 25 feet high. 

E. robusta, Smith. Swamp mahogany. 

Maui — 

Makawao. Elevation 2,500 to 3,000 feet. The tree grows 
well but is hard to start in the nursery at this elevation. 
At an elevation of 3,000 feet seedlings came up 
naturally on a very poor, rocky soil. 

At an elevation of 2,400 feet trees 5 years old are 
2 to 6 inches in diameter and 15 to 20 feet high. 

Oahu — 

Wahiawa. At an elevation of 1,000 feet roadside trees 5 

to 6 years old are 50 feet high and 7 to 9 inches in 

diameter. 
Waipio. At an elevation of 1,000 feet trees 9 months old 

are 10 feet high. Land fertilized and cultivated. 
Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 

30 years old are 15 to 20 inches in diameter and 60 to 

80 feet high. 
Hawaii — 

Pahala. Elevation 2,000 feet. Trees 2 years old are 3 to 

4 feet high. 
Kauai — „ , . 

Kalaheo. Elevation 900 to 1,000 feet. Trees 3 years old 
are 30 feet high and 4 inches in diameter. 

Lihue. Trees growing in the bottom of a gulch about 500 
feet elevation, 25 years old, are 16 to 20 inches in di- 
ameter and 80 to 100 feet high. 

E. rostrata,"^ Schl. Red gum. 

Maui— .^14. 

Makawao. Elevation 2,500 to 3,000 feet. Trees do not 

do well; probably too windy. 

With elevations of between 2,000 and 3,000 feet, 

trees make rapid growth. 
Haiku. Elevations between 500 and 2,000 feet. Trees 

make fairly good growth. . 

Wailuku. Elevation 700 feet. Trees on exposed ridge, 

14 months old, are doing well, but are bent with the 

wind. ^^ .^ 

Ulupalakua. Elevation 2,000 feet. Trees 30 to 40 years 

old are doing very well. Some of the older trees are 
dying. 



76 

Oahu — 

Waipio. Elevation 1,000 feet. Trees 6 months old are 5 

feet high. Land fertilized and cultivated. 
Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 30" 
years old are 60 feet high and 20 inches in diameter. 

Hawaii — 

Waimea. Trees planted at an elevation of 2,700 feet. 

Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Elevation 900 to 1,000 feet. Trees growing very- 
well, but do not stand the wind. 

Puhi Valley, Lihue. Grove 4 years old; where protected 
from wind the trees are 40 feet high and 4 to 6 inches 
in diameter. The trees clean themselves of branches 
quite readily. 

Kilohana. Elevation 1,000 feet. Young trees are doing- 
very well. 

E. rudis, Endl. Swamp gum. 
Maui — 

Makawao. Young trees are growing rapidly at elevations 

of 2,000 feet and up. 
Haiku. Trees planted at elevations of between 500 and 
2,000 feet. 
Oahu — 

Waipio. Elevation 1,000 feet. Trees 6 months old are S 
feet high. Land fertilized and cultivated. 
Kauai — 

Kukuiolono. Elevation 1,000 feet. Young trees are grow- 
ing very well. 
Kalaheo. Elevation 900 to 1,000 feet. Trees 3^^ years 
old are 25 feet high. 

E. saligna, Smith. Flooded gum. 
Maui — 

Makawao. Elevation 2,500 to 3,000 feet. Trees 3 to 4 
years old are doing very well. 

Trees planted at elevations of 2,000 feet and higher, 
Kalaheo. Elevation 900 to 1,000 feet. Trees 3 years old 
are 10 to 15 feet high. 
Hawaii — • 

Waimea. Young seedlings doing well at an elevation of 
2,700 feet. 

E. siderophloia,'^ Benth. Broad-leaved ironbark. 



77 

Maui — 

Makawao. Elevation 2,500 to 3,000 feet. Young trees are 
growing well but seedlings are hard to raise in nursery. 
Elevation 2,500 feet; young trees growing rapidly. 
Elevation 6,500 feet; trees grow quite well. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of between 900 and 
1,000 feet. 
Oahu — 

Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 
30 years old are 70 feet high and 19.5 inches in di- 
ameter. 
Hawaii — 

Waimea. Young seedlings are doing well at an elevation 
of 2,700 feet. 

E. sideroxylon/* A. Cunn. Red ironbark. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Trees planted at an elevation of between 900 
and 1,000 feet. 
Oahu — 

Tantalus. At an elevation of about 1,000 feet trees 25 to 
30 years old are 45 feet high and 15 inches in diameter. 

E. sieberiana, F. v M. Mountain ash. 
Maui— 

Makawao. Elevation 6,500 feet. Young trees growing 
well. 

E. tereticornis, Smith. Gray gum. 
Oahu — 

Waipio. Elevation 1,000 feet. Trees 6 months old are 3 
to 5 feet high. Land fertilized and cultivated. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Elevation 900 to 1,000 feet. Trees 3>^ years 
old are 10 to 15 feet high. 
Hawaii — 

■ Waimea. Elevation 2,700 feet. Seedlings are growing 
quite well. 

E. viminalis, Labill. Manna gum. 



78 

Maui— . . 

Makawao. Elevation 2,500 to 3,000 feet. Trees growing 

very well. 
Haiku. Trees planted at elevations of between 500 and 
2,000 feet. 
Kauai — 

Kalaheo. Elevation 900 to 1,000 feet. Trees 3 years old 
are 8 to 10 feet high. 
Hawaii — 

Waimea. Elevation 2,700 feet. Young seedlings are doing 
well. 



79 
TABLE V. 

VOLUME TABLE, 

Blue Gum (Eucalyptus- globulus). 

Kokom'o, Maui. Age 11 Years. Basis 315 Trees. 



Diameter 


Used 


volume 


Diameter 


Used volume 


Breasthigh. 


with barli. 


Breasthigh. 


with bark. 


Inches. 


Cubic feet. 


Inches. 


Cubic feet. 


2 




.3 


10 


11.8 


3 




.7 


11 


14.0 


4 




1.3 


12 


16.6 


5 




2.4 


13 


19.7 


6 




3.7 


14 


23.1 


7 




5.5 


15 


26.5 


8 




7.4 


l"6 


30.0 


9 




9.5 


17 


33.4 






TABLE VL 





VOLUME TABLE. 



Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus). 



Tantalus, 


Oahu. 




Age 


30 Years. 


Basis 75 Trees, 


Diamet( 


3r 


Used volume 


Diameter 


Used volume 


Breasthij 


?h. 


with bark. 


Breasthigh. 


with bark. 


Inches 




Cubic feet. 


Inches. 


Cubic feet. 


5 




2.7 




11 


16.6 


6 




4.2 




12 


20.2 


7 




5.9 




13 


24.0 


8 




7.9 




14 


28.1 


9 




10.4 




15 


32.4 


10 




13.4 









80 

TABLE VII. 

VOLUME TABLE. 
Yate {Eucalyptus cornuta). 



Tantalus, Oahu. 




Age 


25 Years. 


Basis 50 Trees. 


Diameter 


Used volume 


Diameter 


Used volume 


JBreasthigh. 


with bark. 


Breasthigh. 


with bark. 


Inches. 


Cubic feet. 


Inches. 


Cubic feet. 


5 


5.2 




12 


21.4 


6 


6.7 




13 


25.6 


7 


8.4 




14 


30.5 


8 


10.2 




15 


35.8 


9 


12.3 




16 


41.1 


10 


14.8. 




17 


46.5 


11 


17.7 




. . 


• . . 



TABLE VIII. 



VOLUME TABLE. 



Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta). 



Tantalus, Oahu. 




Age 


25 Years. 


Basis 25 Trees. 


Diameter 
Breasthigh. 


Used volume 
with bark. 


Diameter 
Breasthigh. 


Used volume 
with bark. 


Inches. 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 


Cubic feet. 

3.1 

4.9 

7.3 
10.3 
14.0 


Inches. 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 


Cubic feet. 
18.5 
23.4 
28.4 
33.6 
30.0 



PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. 

Any one or all of the publications listed below (except those marked 

• ) will be sent to residents of this Territory, free, upon application to 
Mailing Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu. 

BOABD. 

Beport of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1900; 66 pp. 
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry for 1902; 88 pp. 

* First Beport of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, irom 

July 1, 1903, to December 31, 1904; 170 pp. 
Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for th« 

year ending December 31, 1905; 240 pp.; 8 plates; 10 text figures. 
Third Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the 

year ending December 31, 1906; 212 pp.; 3 plates; 4 maps; 7 text figures. 
Fourth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for 

the calendar year ending December 31, 1907; 202 pp.; 7 plates. 
Fifth Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for 

the calendar year ending December 31, 1908; 218 pp.; 34 plates. 
Beport of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, for the biennial 

period ending December 31, 1910; 240 pp.; 45 /plates. 
"Notice to Importers," by H. E. Cooper; 4 pp.; 1903. 
"Digest of the Statutes Relating to Importation, Soils, Plants, Fruits, Vegetables, 

etc., into the Territory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 1; 6 pp. 
"Important Notice to Ship Owners, Fruit Importers and Otherc Rules and Regr' 

tions Prohibiting the Introduction of Certain Pests and Animals into the Terri- 
tory of Hawaii." General Circular No. 2; 3 pp.; 1904. 
"Law and Regulations, Importation and Inspection of Honey Bees and Honey." 

General Circular No. 3; 7 pp.; 1908. 



"The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist," a monthly magazine. Vols. I to VII; 
1904-1910. To be obtained from the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. Price 
$1 a year. 

DIVISION OF FOEESTBT. 

* "Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at Government Nuijsery." Press 

Bulletin No. 1; 3 pp.; 1905. 

* "Suggestions in Regard to the Arbor Day Tree Planting Contest." Press Bulletin 

No. 2; 7 pp.; 1905. 
"An Offer of Practical Assistance to Tree Planters." Circular No. 1; 6 pp.; 1905. 
"Revised List of Forest and Ornamental Tree Seed for Sale at the Government 

Nursery." Press Bulletin No. 3 ; 4 pp. ; 1906. 

* "Instructions for Propagating and Planting Forest Trees." Press Bulletin No. 

4; 4 pp.; 1906. 

"Instructions for Planting Forest, Shade and Ornamental Trees." Press Bulletin 
No. 5; 7 pp.; 1909. 

"Na Hoakaka no ke Kanu Ana i na Laau Malumalu ame na Laau Hoohiwahiwa." 
Press Bulletin No. 6; 8 pp.; 1909. 

"Eucalyptus Culture in Hawaii," by Louis Margolin. Bulletin No. 1; 88 pp.; 12 
plates; 1911. 

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1905. Re- 
print from Second Report of the Board ; 77 pp. ; 5 plates. 

* Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1906. R«- 

print from Third Report of the Board; 123 pp.; 4 maps. 

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1907. Re- 
print from Fourth Report of the Board ; 70 pp. 

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the year ending December 31, 1908. lU- 
print from Fifth Report of the Board; 85 pp. 

Report of the Division of Forestry, for the biennial period ending December 31, 
1910. Reprint from Report of the Board; 86 pp.; 22 plates. 



H138 75 547 



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